diff --git a/wdsp/cfir.cpp b/wdsp/cfir.cpp
index 456565df5..676d25b1b 100644
--- a/wdsp/cfir.cpp
+++ b/wdsp/cfir.cpp
@@ -34,11 +34,10 @@ namespace WDSP {
 
 void CFIR::calc()
 {
-    float* impulse;
+    std::vector<float> impulse;
     scale = 1.0 / (float)(2 * size);
-    impulse = cfir_impulse (nc, DD, R, Pairs, runrate, cicrate, cutoff, xtype, xbw, 1, scale, wintype);
-    p = new FIRCORE(size, in, out, nc, mp, impulse);
-    delete[] impulse;
+    cfir_impulse (impulse, nc, DD, R, Pairs, runrate, cicrate, cutoff, xtype, xbw, 1, scale, wintype);
+    p = new FIRCORE(size, in, out, nc, mp, impulse.data());
 }
 
 void CFIR::decalc()
@@ -142,7 +141,8 @@ void CFIR::setOutRate(int rate)
     calc();
 }
 
-float* CFIR::cfir_impulse (
+void CFIR::cfir_impulse (
+    std::vector<float>& impulse,
     int _N,
     int _DD,
     int _R,
@@ -175,7 +175,6 @@ float* CFIR::cfir_impulse (
     double ri;
     double mag = 0;
     double fn;
-    float* impulse;
     std::vector<float> A(_N);
     double ft = _cutoff / _cicrate;                                       // normalized cutoff frequency
     int u_samps = (_N + 1) / 2;                                          // number of unique samples,  OK for odd or even N
@@ -254,8 +253,8 @@ float* CFIR::cfir_impulse (
     else
         for (i = u_samps, j = 1; i < _N; i++, j++)
             A[i] = A[u_samps - j];
-    impulse = FIR::fir_fsamp (_N, A.data(), _rtype, 1.0, _wintype);
-    return impulse;
+    impulse.resize(2 * _N);
+    FIR::fir_fsamp (impulse, _N, A.data(), _rtype, 1.0, _wintype);
 }
 
 /********************************************************************************************************
diff --git a/wdsp/cfir.hpp b/wdsp/cfir.hpp
index 155a24286..453f96250 100644
--- a/wdsp/cfir.hpp
+++ b/wdsp/cfir.hpp
@@ -28,6 +28,8 @@ warren@wpratt.com
 #ifndef wdsp_cfir_h
 #define wdsp_cfir_h
 
+#include <vector>
+
 #include "export.h"
 
 namespace WDSP {
@@ -83,7 +85,8 @@ public:
     void setSamplerate(int rate);
     void setSize(int size);
     void setOutRate(int rate);
-    static float* cfir_impulse (
+    static void cfir_impulse (
+        std::vector<float>& impulse,
         int N,
         int DD,
         int R,
diff --git a/wdsp/emphp.cpp b/wdsp/emphp.cpp
index 33c7c28d3..cb3084ef5 100644
--- a/wdsp/emphp.cpp
+++ b/wdsp/emphp.cpp
@@ -53,7 +53,6 @@ EMPHP::EMPHP(
     double _f_high
 )
 {
-    float* impulse;
     run = _run;
     position = _position;
     size = _size;
@@ -65,7 +64,9 @@ EMPHP::EMPHP(
     ctype = _ctype;
     f_low = _f_low;
     f_high = _f_high;
-    impulse = FCurve::fc_impulse (
+    std::vector<float> impulse(2 * nc);
+    FCurve::fc_impulse (
+        impulse,
         nc,
         f_low,
         f_high,
@@ -76,8 +77,7 @@ EMPHP::EMPHP(
         1.0 / (2.0 * size),
         0, 0
     );
-    p = new FIRCORE(size, in, out, nc, mp, impulse);
-    delete[] (impulse);
+    p = new FIRCORE(size, in, out, nc, mp, impulse.data());
 }
 
 EMPHP::~EMPHP()
@@ -107,9 +107,10 @@ void EMPHP::setBuffers(float* _in, float* _out)
 
 void EMPHP::setSamplerate(int _rate)
 {
-    float* impulse;
     rate = _rate;
-    impulse = FCurve::fc_impulse (
+    std::vector<float> impulse(2 * nc);
+    FCurve::fc_impulse (
+        impulse,
         nc,
         f_low,
         f_high,
@@ -120,16 +121,16 @@ void EMPHP::setSamplerate(int _rate)
         1.0 / (2.0 * size),
         0, 0
     );
-    p->setImpulse(impulse, 1);
-    delete[] (impulse);
+    p->setImpulse(impulse.data(), 1);
 }
 
 void EMPHP::setSize(int _size)
 {
-    float* impulse;
     size = _size;
     p->setSize(size);
-    impulse = FCurve::fc_impulse (
+    std::vector<float> impulse(2 * nc);
+    FCurve::fc_impulse (
+        impulse,
         nc,
         f_low,
         f_high,
@@ -141,8 +142,7 @@ void EMPHP::setSize(int _size)
         0,
         0
     );
-    p->setImpulse(impulse, 1);
-    delete[] (impulse);
+    p->setImpulse(impulse.data(), 1);
 }
 
 /********************************************************************************************************
@@ -167,12 +167,12 @@ void EMPHP::setMP(int _mp)
 
 void EMPHP::setNC(int _nc)
 {
-    float* impulse;
-
     if (nc != _nc)
     {
         nc = _nc;
-        impulse = FCurve::fc_impulse (
+        std::vector<float> impulse(2 * nc);
+        FCurve::fc_impulse (
+            impulse,
             nc,
             f_low,
             f_high,
@@ -184,20 +184,19 @@ void EMPHP::setNC(int _nc)
             0,
             0
         );
-        p->setNc(nc, impulse);
-        delete[] (impulse);
+        p->setNc(nc, impulse.data());
     }
 }
 
 void EMPHP::setFreqs(double low, double high)
 {
-    float* impulse;
-
     if (f_low != low || f_high != high)
     {
         f_low = low;
         f_high = high;
-        impulse = FCurve::fc_impulse (
+        std::vector<float> impulse(2 * nc);
+        FCurve::fc_impulse (
+            impulse,
             nc,
             f_low,
             f_high,
@@ -209,8 +208,7 @@ void EMPHP::setFreqs(double low, double high)
             0,
             0
         );
-        p->setImpulse(impulse, 1);
-        delete[] (impulse);
+        p->setImpulse(impulse.data(), 1);
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/wdsp/eq.cpp b/wdsp/eq.cpp
index 73ed34ee9..b2d61bc15 100644
--- a/wdsp/eq.cpp
+++ b/wdsp/eq.cpp
@@ -44,12 +44,12 @@ namespace WDSP {
 
 void EQ::eq_mults (std::vector<float>& mults, int size, int nfreqs, float* F, float* G, float samplerate, float scale, int ctfmode, int wintype)
 {
-    float* impulse = EQP::eq_impulse (size + 1, nfreqs, F, G, samplerate, scale, ctfmode, wintype);
-    float* _mults = FIR::fftcv_mults(2 * size, impulse);
+    std::vector<float> impulse;
+    EQP::eq_impulse (impulse, size + 1, nfreqs, F, G, samplerate, scale, ctfmode, wintype);
+    float* _mults = FIR::fftcv_mults(2 * size, impulse.data());
     mults.resize(2 * size * 2);
     std::copy(_mults, _mults + 2*size*2, mults.begin());
     delete[] _mults;
-    delete[] impulse;
 }
 
 void EQ::calc()
diff --git a/wdsp/eqp.cpp b/wdsp/eqp.cpp
index c211e5a2e..6237d707a 100644
--- a/wdsp/eqp.cpp
+++ b/wdsp/eqp.cpp
@@ -42,25 +42,34 @@ int EQP::fEQcompare (const void * a, const void * b)
         return 1;
 }
 
-float* EQP::eq_impulse (int N, int nfreqs, const float* F, const float* G, double samplerate, double scale, int ctfmode, int wintype)
+void EQP::eq_impulse (
+    std::vector<float>& impulse,
+    int N,
+    int _nfreqs,
+    const float* F,
+    const float* G,
+    double samplerate,
+    double scale,
+    int ctfmode,
+    int wintype
+)
 {
-    std::vector<float> fp(nfreqs + 2);
-    std::vector<float> gp(nfreqs + 2);
+    std::vector<float> fp(_nfreqs + 2);
+    std::vector<float> gp(_nfreqs + 2);
     std::vector<float> A(N / 2 + 1);
-    float* sary = new float[2 * nfreqs];
+    float* sary = new float[2 * _nfreqs];
 
     double gpreamp;
     double f;
     double frac;
-    float* impulse;
     int i;
     int j;
     int mid;
     fp[0] = 0.0;
-    fp[nfreqs + 1] = 1.0;
+    fp[_nfreqs + 1] = 1.0;
     gpreamp = G[0];
 
-    for (i = 1; i <= nfreqs; i++)
+    for (i = 1; i <= _nfreqs; i++)
     {
         fp[i] = (float) (2.0 * F[i] / samplerate);
 
@@ -73,22 +82,22 @@ float* EQP::eq_impulse (int N, int nfreqs, const float* F, const float* G, doubl
         gp[i] = G[i];
     }
 
-    for (i = 1, j = 0; i <= nfreqs; i++, j+=2)
+    for (i = 1, j = 0; i <= _nfreqs; i++, j+=2)
     {
         sary[j + 0] = fp[i];
         sary[j + 1] = gp[i];
     }
 
-    qsort (sary, nfreqs, 2 * sizeof (float), fEQcompare);
+    qsort (sary, _nfreqs, 2 * sizeof (float), fEQcompare);
 
-    for (i = 1, j = 0; i <= nfreqs; i++, j+=2)
+    for (i = 1, j = 0; i <= _nfreqs; i++, j+=2)
     {
         fp[i] = sary[j + 0];
         gp[i] = sary[j + 1];
     }
 
     gp[0] = gp[1];
-    gp[nfreqs + 1] = gp[nfreqs];
+    gp[_nfreqs + 1] = gp[_nfreqs];
     mid = N / 2;
     j = 0;
 
@@ -98,7 +107,7 @@ float* EQP::eq_impulse (int N, int nfreqs, const float* F, const float* G, doubl
         {
             f = (double)i / (double)mid;
 
-            while ((f > fp[j + 1]) && (j < nfreqs))
+            while ((f > fp[j + 1]) && (j < _nfreqs))
                 j++;
 
             frac = (f - fp[j]) / (fp[j + 1] - fp[j]);
@@ -111,7 +120,7 @@ float* EQP::eq_impulse (int N, int nfreqs, const float* F, const float* G, doubl
         {
             f = ((double)i + 0.5) / (double)mid;
 
-            while ((f > fp[j + 1]) && (j < nfreqs))
+            while ((f > fp[j + 1]) && (j < _nfreqs))
                 j++;
 
             frac = (f - fp[j]) / (fp[j + 1] - fp[j]);
@@ -132,7 +141,7 @@ float* EQP::eq_impulse (int N, int nfreqs, const float* F, const float* G, doubl
         if (N & 1)
         {
             low = (int)(fp[1] * mid);
-            high = (int)(fp[nfreqs] * mid + 0.5);
+            high = (int)(fp[_nfreqs] * mid + 0.5);
             lowmag = A[low];
             highmag = A[high];
             flow4 = pow((double)low / (double)mid, 4.0);
@@ -160,7 +169,7 @@ float* EQP::eq_impulse (int N, int nfreqs, const float* F, const float* G, doubl
         else
         {
             low = (int)(fp[1] * mid - 0.5);
-            high = (int)(fp[nfreqs] * mid - 0.5);
+            high = (int)(fp[_nfreqs] * mid - 0.5);
             lowmag = A[low];
             highmag = A[high];
             flow4 = pow((double)low / (double)mid, 4.0);
@@ -187,13 +196,14 @@ float* EQP::eq_impulse (int N, int nfreqs, const float* F, const float* G, doubl
         }
     }
 
+    impulse.resize(2 * N);
+
     if (N & 1)
-        impulse = FIR::fir_fsamp_odd(N, A.data(), 1, 1.0, wintype);
+        FIR::fir_fsamp_odd(impulse, N, A.data(), 1, 1.0, wintype);
     else
-        impulse = FIR::fir_fsamp(N, A.data(), 1, 1.0, wintype);
+        FIR::fir_fsamp(impulse, N, A.data(), 1, 1.0, wintype);
 
     delete[] sary;
-    return impulse;
 }
 
 /********************************************************************************************************
@@ -218,7 +228,7 @@ EQP::EQP(
 )
 {
     // NOTE:  'nc' must be >= 'size'
-    float* impulse;
+    std::vector<float> impulse;
     run = _run;
     size = _size;
     nc = _nc;
@@ -233,9 +243,8 @@ EQP::EQP(
     ctfmode = _ctfmode;
     wintype = _wintype;
     samplerate = (double) _samplerate;
-    impulse = eq_impulse (nc, nfreqs, F.data(), G.data(), samplerate, 1.0 / (2.0 * size), ctfmode, wintype);
-    fircore = new FIRCORE(size, in, out, nc, mp, impulse);
-    delete[] impulse;
+    eq_impulse (impulse, nc, nfreqs, F.data(), G.data(), samplerate, 1.0 / (2.0 * size), ctfmode, wintype);
+    fircore = new FIRCORE(size, in, out, nc, mp, impulse.data());
 }
 
 EQP::~EQP()
@@ -265,21 +274,19 @@ void EQP::setBuffers(float* _in, float* _out)
 
 void EQP::setSamplerate(int rate)
 {
-    float* impulse;
+    std::vector<float> impulse;
     samplerate = rate;
-    impulse = eq_impulse (nc, nfreqs, F.data(), G.data(), samplerate, 1.0 / (2.0 * size), ctfmode, wintype);
-    fircore->setImpulse(impulse, 1);
-    delete[] impulse;
+    eq_impulse (impulse, nc, nfreqs, F.data(), G.data(), samplerate, 1.0 / (2.0 * size), ctfmode, wintype);
+    fircore->setImpulse(impulse.data(), 1);
 }
 
 void EQP::setSize(int _size)
 {
-    float* impulse;
+    std::vector<float> impulse;
     size = _size;
     fircore->setSize(size);
-    impulse = eq_impulse (nc, nfreqs, F.data(), G.data(), samplerate, 1.0 / (2.0 * size), ctfmode, wintype);
-    fircore->setImpulse(impulse, 1);
-    delete[] impulse;
+    eq_impulse (impulse, nc, nfreqs, F.data(), G.data(), samplerate, 1.0 / (2.0 * size), ctfmode, wintype);
+    fircore->setImpulse(impulse.data(), 1);
 }
 
 /********************************************************************************************************
@@ -295,14 +302,13 @@ void EQP::setRun(int _run)
 
 void EQP::setNC(int _nc)
 {
-    float* impulse;
+    std::vector<float> impulse;
 
     if (nc != _nc)
     {
         nc = _nc;
-        impulse = eq_impulse (nc, nfreqs, F.data(), G.data(), samplerate, 1.0 / (2.0 * size), ctfmode, wintype);
-        fircore->setNc(nc, impulse);
-        delete[] impulse;
+        eq_impulse (impulse, nc, nfreqs, F.data(), G.data(), samplerate, 1.0 / (2.0 * size), ctfmode, wintype);
+        fircore->setNc(nc, impulse.data());
     }
 }
 
@@ -317,38 +323,35 @@ void EQP::setMP(int _mp)
 
 void EQP::setProfile(int _nfreqs, const float* _F, const float* _G)
 {
-    float* impulse;
+    std::vector<float> impulse;
     nfreqs = _nfreqs;
     F.resize(nfreqs + 1);
     G.resize(nfreqs + 1);
     std::copy(_F, _F + (_nfreqs + 1), F.begin());
     std::copy(_G, _G + (_nfreqs + 1), G.begin());
-    impulse = eq_impulse (nc, nfreqs, F.data(), G.data(), samplerate, 1.0 / (2.0 * size), ctfmode, wintype);
-    fircore->setImpulse(impulse, 1);
-    delete[] impulse;
+    eq_impulse (impulse, nc, nfreqs, F.data(), G.data(), samplerate, 1.0 / (2.0 * size), ctfmode, wintype);
+    fircore->setImpulse(impulse.data(), 1);
 }
 
 void EQP::setCtfmode(int _mode)
 {
-    float* impulse;
+    std::vector<float> impulse;
     ctfmode = _mode;
-    impulse = eq_impulse (nc, nfreqs, F.data(), G.data(), samplerate, 1.0 / (2.0 * size), ctfmode, wintype);
-    fircore->setImpulse(impulse, 1);
-    delete[] impulse;
+    eq_impulse (impulse, nc, nfreqs, F.data(), G.data(), samplerate, 1.0 / (2.0 * size), ctfmode, wintype);
+    fircore->setImpulse(impulse.data(), 1);
 }
 
 void EQP::setWintype(int _wintype)
 {
-    float* impulse;
+    std::vector<float> impulse;
     wintype = _wintype;
-    impulse = eq_impulse (nc, nfreqs, F.data(), G.data(), samplerate, 1.0 / (2.0 * size), ctfmode, wintype);
-    fircore->setImpulse(impulse, 1);
-    delete[] impulse;
+    eq_impulse (impulse, nc, nfreqs, F.data(), G.data(), samplerate, 1.0 / (2.0 * size), ctfmode, wintype);
+    fircore->setImpulse(impulse.data(), 1);
 }
 
 void EQP::setGrphEQ(const int *rxeq)
 {   // three band equalizer (legacy compatibility)
-    float* impulse;
+    std::vector<float> impulse;
     nfreqs = 4;
     F.resize(nfreqs + 1);
     G.resize(nfreqs + 1);
@@ -362,14 +365,13 @@ void EQP::setGrphEQ(const int *rxeq)
     G[3] = (float)rxeq[2];
     G[4] = (float)rxeq[3];
     ctfmode = 0;
-    impulse = eq_impulse (nc, nfreqs, F.data(), G.data(), samplerate, 1.0 / (2.0 * size), ctfmode, wintype);
-    fircore->setImpulse(impulse, 1);
-    delete[] impulse;
+    eq_impulse (impulse, nc, nfreqs, F.data(), G.data(), samplerate, 1.0 / (2.0 * size), ctfmode, wintype);
+    fircore->setImpulse(impulse.data(), 1);
 }
 
 void EQP::setGrphEQ10(const int *rxeq)
 {   // ten band equalizer (legacy compatibility)
-    float* impulse;
+    std::vector<float> impulse;
     nfreqs = 10;
     F.resize(nfreqs + 1);
     G.resize(nfreqs + 1);
@@ -386,9 +388,8 @@ void EQP::setGrphEQ10(const int *rxeq)
     for (int i = 0; i <= nfreqs; i++)
         G[i] = (float)rxeq[i];
     ctfmode = 0;
-    impulse = eq_impulse (nc, nfreqs, F.data(), G.data(), samplerate, 1.0 / (2.0 * size), ctfmode, wintype);
-    fircore->setImpulse(impulse, 1);
-    delete[] impulse;
+    eq_impulse (impulse, nc, nfreqs, F.data(), G.data(), samplerate, 1.0 / (2.0 * size), ctfmode, wintype);
+    fircore->setImpulse(impulse.data(), 1);
 }
 
 } // namespace WDSP
diff --git a/wdsp/eqp.hpp b/wdsp/eqp.hpp
index df4167355..fce8193bc 100644
--- a/wdsp/eqp.hpp
+++ b/wdsp/eqp.hpp
@@ -92,7 +92,17 @@ public:
     void setGrphEQ(const int *rxeq);
     void setGrphEQ10(const int *rxeq);
 
-    static float* eq_impulse (int N, int nfreqs, const float* F, const float* G, double samplerate, double scale, int ctfmode, int wintype);
+    static void eq_impulse (
+        std::vector<float>& impulse,
+        int N,
+        int nfreqs,
+        const float* F,
+        const float* G,
+        double samplerate,
+        double scale,
+        int ctfmode,
+        int wintype
+    );
 
 private:
     static int fEQcompare (const void * a, const void * b);
diff --git a/wdsp/fcurve.cpp b/wdsp/fcurve.cpp
index a6124ec2c..e0e9781c7 100644
--- a/wdsp/fcurve.cpp
+++ b/wdsp/fcurve.cpp
@@ -31,12 +31,11 @@ warren@wpratt.com
 
 namespace WDSP {
 
-float* FCurve::fc_impulse (int nc, float f0, float f1, float g0, float, int curve, float samplerate, float scale, int ctfmode, int wintype)
+void FCurve::fc_impulse (std::vector<float>& impulse, int nc, float f0, float f1, float g0, float, int curve, float samplerate, float scale, int ctfmode, int wintype)
 {
     float* A  = new float[nc / 2 + 1]; // (float *) malloc0 ((nc / 2 + 1) * sizeof (float));
     int i;
     float fn, f;
-    float* impulse;
     int mid = nc / 2;
     float g0_lin = pow(10.0, g0 / 20.0);
     if (nc & 1)
@@ -140,21 +139,21 @@ float* FCurve::fc_impulse (int nc, float f0, float f1, float g0, float, int curv
             }
         }
     }
+
     if (nc & 1)
-        impulse = FIR::fir_fsamp_odd(nc, A, 1, 1.0, wintype);
+        FIR::fir_fsamp_odd(impulse, nc, A, 1, 1.0, wintype);
     else
-        impulse = FIR::fir_fsamp(nc, A, 1, 1.0, wintype);
+        FIR::fir_fsamp(impulse, nc, A, 1, 1.0, wintype);
     // print_impulse ("emph.txt", size + 1, impulse, 1, 0);
     delete[] (A);
-    return impulse;
 }
 
 // generate mask for Overlap-Save Filter
 float* FCurve::fc_mults (int size, float f0, float f1, float g0, float g1, int curve, float samplerate, float scale, int ctfmode, int wintype)
 {
-    float* impulse = fc_impulse (size + 1, f0, f1, g0, g1, curve, samplerate, scale, ctfmode, wintype);
-    float* mults = FIR::fftcv_mults(2 * size, impulse);
-    delete[] (impulse);
+    std::vector<float> impulse(2 * (size + 1));
+    fc_impulse (impulse, size + 1, f0, f1, g0, g1, curve, samplerate, scale, ctfmode, wintype);
+    float* mults = FIR::fftcv_mults(2 * size, impulse.data());
     return mults;
 }
 
diff --git a/wdsp/fcurve.hpp b/wdsp/fcurve.hpp
index d11d1ac68..4b137408a 100644
--- a/wdsp/fcurve.hpp
+++ b/wdsp/fcurve.hpp
@@ -28,6 +28,8 @@ warren@wpratt.com
 #ifndef wdsp_fcurve_h
 #define wdsp_fcurve_h
 
+#include <vector>
+
 #include "export.h"
 
 namespace WDSP {
@@ -35,7 +37,7 @@ namespace WDSP {
 class WDSP_API FCurve
 {
 public:
-    static float* fc_impulse (int nc, float f0, float f1, float g0, float g1, int curve, float samplerate, float scale, int ctfmode, int wintype);
+    static void fc_impulse (std::vector<float>& impulse, int nc, float f0, float f1, float g0, float g1, int curve, float samplerate, float scale, int ctfmode, int wintype);
     static float* fc_mults (int size, float f0, float f1, float g0, float g1, int curve, float samplerate, float scale, int ctfmode, int wintype);
 };
 
diff --git a/wdsp/fir.cpp b/wdsp/fir.cpp
index 9fd5075a5..b2da83530 100644
--- a/wdsp/fir.cpp
+++ b/wdsp/fir.cpp
@@ -95,17 +95,16 @@ float* FIR::get_fsamp_window(int N, int wintype)
     return window;
 }
 
-float* FIR::fir_fsamp_odd (int N, const float* A, int rtype, double scale, int wintype)
+void FIR::fir_fsamp_odd (std::vector<float>& c_impulse, int N, const float* A, int rtype, double scale, int wintype)
 {
     int mid = (N - 1) / 2;
     double mag;
     double phs;
     std::vector<float> fcoef(N * 2);
-    auto *c_impulse = new float[N * 2];
     fftwf_plan ptmp = fftwf_plan_dft_1d(
         N,
         (fftwf_complex *)fcoef.data(),
-        (fftwf_complex *)c_impulse,
+        (fftwf_complex *)c_impulse.data(),
         FFTW_BACKWARD,
         FFTW_PATIENT
     );
@@ -142,13 +141,11 @@ float* FIR::fir_fsamp_odd (int N, const float* A, int rtype, double scale, int w
         break;
     }
     delete[] window;
-    return c_impulse;
 }
 
-float* FIR::fir_fsamp (int N, const float* A, int rtype, double scale, int wintype)
+void FIR::fir_fsamp (std::vector<float>& c_impulse, int N, const float* A, int rtype, double scale, int wintype)
 {
     double sum;
-    auto c_impulse = new float[N * 2];
 
     if (N & 1)
     {
@@ -202,7 +199,6 @@ float* FIR::fir_fsamp (int N, const float* A, int rtype, double scale, int winty
         break;
     }
     delete[] window;
-    return c_impulse;
 }
 
 float* FIR::fir_bandpass (int N, double f_low, double f_high, double samplerate, int wintype, int rtype, double scale)
diff --git a/wdsp/fir.hpp b/wdsp/fir.hpp
index e852d0eb5..a57d19630 100644
--- a/wdsp/fir.hpp
+++ b/wdsp/fir.hpp
@@ -37,8 +37,8 @@ class WDSP_API FIR
 {
 public:
     static float* fftcv_mults (int NM, float* c_impulse);
-    static float* fir_fsamp_odd (int N, const float* A, int rtype, double scale, int wintype);
-    static float* fir_fsamp (int N, const float* A, int rtype, double scale, int wintype);
+    static void fir_fsamp_odd (std::vector<float>& c_impulse, int N, const float* A, int rtype, double scale, int wintype);
+    static void fir_fsamp (std::vector<float>& c_impulse, int N, const float* A, int rtype, double scale, int wintype);
     static float* fir_bandpass (int N, double f_low, double f_high, double samplerate, int wintype, int rtype, double scale);
     static void mp_imp (int N, std::vector<float>& fir, std::vector<float>& mpfir, int pfactor, int polarity);
 
diff --git a/wdsp/fmd.cpp b/wdsp/fmd.cpp
index 14eafe841..8315497fe 100644
--- a/wdsp/fmd.cpp
+++ b/wdsp/fmd.cpp
@@ -143,11 +143,12 @@ FMD::FMD(
     lim_gain(0.0001), // 2.5
     lim_pre_gain(0.01) // 0.4
 {
-    float* impulse;
     calc();
     // de-emphasis filter
     audio.resize(size * 2);
-    impulse = FCurve::fc_impulse (
+    std::vector<float> impulse(2 * nc_de);
+    FCurve::fc_impulse (
+        impulse,
         nc_de,
         (float) f_low,
         (float) f_high,
@@ -158,12 +159,10 @@ FMD::FMD(
         0,
         0
     );
-    pde = new FIRCORE(size, audio.data(), out, nc_de, mp_de, impulse);
-    delete[] impulse;
+    pde = new FIRCORE(size, audio.data(), out, nc_de, mp_de, impulse.data());
     // audio filter
-    impulse = FIR::fir_bandpass(nc_aud, 0.8 * f_low, 1.1 * f_high, rate, 0, 1, afgain / (2.0 * size));
-    paud = new FIRCORE(size, out, out, nc_aud, mp_aud, impulse);
-    delete[] impulse;
+    float *impulseb = FIR::fir_bandpass(nc_aud, 0.8 * f_low, 1.1 * f_high, rate, 0, 1, afgain / (2.0 * size));
+    paud = new FIRCORE(size, out, out, nc_aud, mp_aud, impulseb);
 }
 
 FMD::~FMD()
@@ -248,12 +247,13 @@ void FMD::setBuffers(float* _in, float* _out)
 
 void FMD::setSamplerate(int _rate)
 {
-    float* impulse;
     decalc();
     rate = _rate;
     calc();
     // de-emphasis filter
-    impulse = FCurve::fc_impulse (
+    std::vector<float> impulse(2 * nc_de);
+    FCurve::fc_impulse (
+        impulse,
         nc_de,
         (float) f_low,
         (float) f_high,
@@ -265,25 +265,25 @@ void FMD::setSamplerate(int _rate)
         0,
         0
     );
-    pde->setImpulse(impulse, 1);
-    delete[] impulse;
+    pde->setImpulse(impulse.data(), 1);
     // audio filter
-    impulse = FIR::fir_bandpass(nc_aud, 0.8 * f_low, 1.1 * f_high, rate, 0, 1, afgain / (2.0 * size));
-    paud->setImpulse(impulse, 1);
-    delete[] impulse;
+    float* impulseb = FIR::fir_bandpass(nc_aud, 0.8 * f_low, 1.1 * f_high, rate, 0, 1, afgain / (2.0 * size));
+    paud->setImpulse(impulseb, 1);
+    delete[] impulseb;
     plim->setSamplerate((int) rate);
 }
 
 void FMD::setSize(int _size)
 {
-    float* impulse;
     decalc();
     size = _size;
     calc();
     audio.resize(size * 2);
     // de-emphasis filter
     delete (pde);
-    impulse = FCurve::fc_impulse (
+    std::vector<float> impulse(2 * nc_de);
+    FCurve::fc_impulse (
+        impulse,
         nc_de,
         (float) f_low,
         (float) f_high,
@@ -295,13 +295,12 @@ void FMD::setSize(int _size)
         0,
         0
     );
-    pde = new FIRCORE(size, audio.data(), out, nc_de, mp_de, impulse);
-    delete[] impulse;
+    pde = new FIRCORE(size, audio.data(), out, nc_de, mp_de, impulse.data());
     // audio filter
     delete (paud);
-    impulse = FIR::fir_bandpass(nc_aud, 0.8 * f_low, 1.1 * f_high, rate, 0, 1, afgain / (2.0 * size));
-    paud = new FIRCORE(size, out, out, nc_aud, mp_aud, impulse);
-    delete[] impulse;
+    float* impulseb = FIR::fir_bandpass(nc_aud, 0.8 * f_low, 1.1 * f_high, rate, 0, 1, afgain / (2.0 * size));
+    paud = new FIRCORE(size, out, out, nc_aud, mp_aud, impulseb);
+    delete[] impulseb;
     plim->setSize(size);
 }
 
@@ -331,12 +330,12 @@ void FMD::setCTCSSRun(int _run)
 
 void FMD::setNCde(int nc)
 {
-    float* impulse;
-
     if (nc_de != nc)
     {
         nc_de = nc;
-        impulse = FCurve::fc_impulse (
+        std::vector<float> impulse(2 * nc_de);
+        FCurve::fc_impulse (
+            impulse,
             nc_de,
             (float) f_low,
             (float) f_high,
@@ -348,8 +347,7 @@ void FMD::setNCde(int nc)
             0,
             0
         );
-        pde->setNc(nc_de, impulse);
-        delete[] impulse;
+        pde->setNc(nc_de, impulse.data());
     }
 }
 
@@ -405,14 +403,14 @@ void FMD::setLimGain(double gaindB)
 
 void FMD::setAFFilter(double low, double high)
 {
-    float* impulse;
-
     if (f_low != low || f_high != high)
     {
         f_low = low;
         f_high = high;
         // de-emphasis filter
-        impulse = FCurve::fc_impulse (
+        std::vector<float> impulse(2 * nc_de);
+        FCurve::fc_impulse (
+            impulse,
             nc_de,
             (float) f_low,
             (float) f_high,
@@ -424,12 +422,11 @@ void FMD::setAFFilter(double low, double high)
             0,
             0
         );
-        pde->setImpulse(impulse, 1);
-        delete[] impulse;
+        pde->setImpulse(impulse.data(), 1);
         // audio filter
-        impulse = FIR::fir_bandpass (nc_aud, 0.8 * f_low, 1.1 * f_high, rate, 0, 1, afgain / (2.0 * size));
-        paud->setImpulse(impulse, 1);
-        delete[] impulse;
+        float* impulseb = FIR::fir_bandpass (nc_aud, 0.8 * f_low, 1.1 * f_high, rate, 0, 1, afgain / (2.0 * size));
+        paud->setImpulse(impulseb, 1);
+        delete[] impulseb;
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/wdsp/fmsq.cpp b/wdsp/fmsq.cpp
index 5f83a4675..859800aff 100644
--- a/wdsp/fmsq.cpp
+++ b/wdsp/fmsq.cpp
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ void FMSQ::calc()
 {
     double delta;
     double theta;
-    float* impulse;
+    std::vector<float> impulse;
     int i;
     // noise filter
     noise.resize(2 * size * 2);
@@ -48,9 +48,8 @@ void FMSQ::calc()
     G[1] = 0.0;
     G[2] = 3.0;
     G[3] = (float) (+20.0 * log10(20000.0 / *pllpole));
-    impulse = EQP::eq_impulse (nc, 3, F.data(), G.data(), rate, 1.0 / (2.0 * size), 0, 0);
-    p = new FIRCORE(size, trigger, noise.data(), nc, mp, impulse);
-    delete[]  impulse;
+    EQP::eq_impulse (impulse, nc, 3, F.data(), G.data(), rate, 1.0 / (2.0 * size), 0, 0);
+    p = new FIRCORE(size, trigger, noise.data(), nc, mp, impulse.data());
     // noise averaging
     avm = exp(-1.0 / (rate * avtau));
     onem_avm = 1.0 - avm;
@@ -286,14 +285,13 @@ void FMSQ::setThreshold(double threshold)
 
 void FMSQ::setNC(int _nc)
 {
-    float* impulse;
+    std::vector<float> impulse;
 
     if (nc != _nc)
     {
         nc = _nc;
-        impulse = EQP::eq_impulse (nc, 3, F.data(), G.data(), rate, 1.0 / (2.0 * size), 0, 0);
-        p->setNc(nc, impulse);
-        delete[]  impulse;
+        EQP::eq_impulse (impulse, nc, 3, F.data(), G.data(), rate, 1.0 / (2.0 * size), 0, 0);
+        p->setNc(nc, impulse.data());
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/wdsp/icfir.cpp b/wdsp/icfir.cpp
index f22043a77..e03551417 100644
--- a/wdsp/icfir.cpp
+++ b/wdsp/icfir.cpp
@@ -34,11 +34,10 @@ namespace WDSP {
 
 void ICFIR::calc_icfir (ICFIR *a)
 {
-    float* impulse;
+    std::vector<float> impulse;
     a->scale = 1.0f / (float)(2 * a->size);
-    impulse = icfir_impulse (a->nc, a->DD, a->R, a->Pairs, (float) a->runrate, (float) a->cicrate, a->cutoff, a->xtype, a->xbw, 1, a->scale, a->wintype);
-    a->p = new FIRCORE(a->size, a->in, a->out, a->nc, a->mp, impulse);
-    delete[] (impulse);
+    icfir_impulse (impulse, a->nc, a->DD, a->R, a->Pairs, (float) a->runrate, (float) a->cicrate, a->cutoff, a->xtype, a->xbw, 1, a->scale, a->wintype);
+    a->p = new FIRCORE(a->size, a->in, a->out, a->nc, a->mp, impulse.data());
 }
 
 void ICFIR::decalc_icfir (ICFIR *a)
@@ -145,7 +144,8 @@ void ICFIR::setOutRate_icfir (ICFIR *a, int rate)
     calc_icfir (a);
 }
 
-float* ICFIR::icfir_impulse (
+void ICFIR::icfir_impulse (
+    std::vector<float>& impulse,
     int N,
     int DD,
     int R,
@@ -178,7 +178,6 @@ float* ICFIR::icfir_impulse (
     float ri;
     float mag;
     float fn;
-    float* impulse;
     auto* A = new float[N];
     float ft = cutoff / cicrate;                                       // normalized cutoff frequency
     int u_samps = (N + 1) / 2;                                          // number of unique samples,  OK for odd or even N
@@ -239,10 +238,10 @@ float* ICFIR::icfir_impulse (
     else
         for (i = u_samps, j = 1; i < N; i++, j++)
             A[i] = A[u_samps - j];
-    impulse = FIR::fir_fsamp (N, A, rtype, 1.0, wintype);
+    impulse.resize(2 * N);
+    FIR::fir_fsamp (impulse, N, A, rtype, 1.0, wintype);
     delete[] (A);
     delete[] xistion;
-    return impulse;
 }
 
 
diff --git a/wdsp/icfir.hpp b/wdsp/icfir.hpp
index 775e7cb5c..1dd4f28c9 100644
--- a/wdsp/icfir.hpp
+++ b/wdsp/icfir.hpp
@@ -79,7 +79,8 @@ public:
     static void setSamplerate_icfir (ICFIR *a, int rate);
     static void setSize_icfir (ICFIR *a, int size);
     static void setOutRate_icfir (ICFIR *a, int rate);
-    static float* icfir_impulse (
+    static void icfir_impulse (
+        std::vector<float>& impulse,
         int N,
         int DD,
         int R,