android_kernel_xiaomi_sm8350/fs/sync.c

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[PATCH] sys_sync_file_range() Remove the recently-added LINUX_FADV_ASYNC_WRITE and LINUX_FADV_WRITE_WAIT fadvise() additions, do it in a new sys_sync_file_range() syscall instead. Reasons: - It's more flexible. Things which would require two or three syscalls with fadvise() can be done in a single syscall. - Using fadvise() in this manner is something not covered by POSIX. The patch wires up the syscall for x86. The sycall is implemented in the new fs/sync.c. The intention is that we can move sys_fsync(), sys_fdatasync() and perhaps sys_sync() into there later. Documentation for the syscall is in fs/sync.c. A test app (sync_file_range.c) is in http://www.zip.com.au/~akpm/linux/patches/stuff/ext3-tools.tar.gz. The available-to-GPL-modules do_sync_file_range() is for knfsd: "A COMMIT can say NFS_DATA_SYNC or NFS_FILE_SYNC. I can skip the ->fsync call for NFS_DATA_SYNC which is hopefully the more common." Note: the `async' writeout mode SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WRITE will turn synchronous if the queue is congested. This is trivial to fix: add a new flag bit, set wbc->nonblocking. But I'm not sure that we want to expose implementation details down to that level. Note: it's notable that we can sync an fd which wasn't opened for writing. Same with fsync() and fdatasync()). Note: the code takes some care to handle attempts to sync file contents outside the 16TB offset on 32-bit machines. It makes such attempts appear to succeed, for best 32-bit/64-bit compatibility. Perhaps it should make such requests fail... Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au> Cc: Michael Kerrisk <mtk-manpages@gmx.net> Cc: Ulrich Drepper <drepper@redhat.com> Cc: Neil Brown <neilb@cse.unsw.edu.au> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-03-31 05:30:42 -05:00
/*
* High-level sync()-related operations
*/
#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/file.h>
#include <linux/fs.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/sched.h>
[PATCH] sys_sync_file_range() Remove the recently-added LINUX_FADV_ASYNC_WRITE and LINUX_FADV_WRITE_WAIT fadvise() additions, do it in a new sys_sync_file_range() syscall instead. Reasons: - It's more flexible. Things which would require two or three syscalls with fadvise() can be done in a single syscall. - Using fadvise() in this manner is something not covered by POSIX. The patch wires up the syscall for x86. The sycall is implemented in the new fs/sync.c. The intention is that we can move sys_fsync(), sys_fdatasync() and perhaps sys_sync() into there later. Documentation for the syscall is in fs/sync.c. A test app (sync_file_range.c) is in http://www.zip.com.au/~akpm/linux/patches/stuff/ext3-tools.tar.gz. The available-to-GPL-modules do_sync_file_range() is for knfsd: "A COMMIT can say NFS_DATA_SYNC or NFS_FILE_SYNC. I can skip the ->fsync call for NFS_DATA_SYNC which is hopefully the more common." Note: the `async' writeout mode SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WRITE will turn synchronous if the queue is congested. This is trivial to fix: add a new flag bit, set wbc->nonblocking. But I'm not sure that we want to expose implementation details down to that level. Note: it's notable that we can sync an fd which wasn't opened for writing. Same with fsync() and fdatasync()). Note: the code takes some care to handle attempts to sync file contents outside the 16TB offset on 32-bit machines. It makes such attempts appear to succeed, for best 32-bit/64-bit compatibility. Perhaps it should make such requests fail... Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au> Cc: Michael Kerrisk <mtk-manpages@gmx.net> Cc: Ulrich Drepper <drepper@redhat.com> Cc: Neil Brown <neilb@cse.unsw.edu.au> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-03-31 05:30:42 -05:00
#include <linux/writeback.h>
#include <linux/syscalls.h>
#include <linux/linkage.h>
#include <linux/pagemap.h>
#include <linux/quotaops.h>
#include <linux/buffer_head.h>
#include "internal.h"
[PATCH] sys_sync_file_range() Remove the recently-added LINUX_FADV_ASYNC_WRITE and LINUX_FADV_WRITE_WAIT fadvise() additions, do it in a new sys_sync_file_range() syscall instead. Reasons: - It's more flexible. Things which would require two or three syscalls with fadvise() can be done in a single syscall. - Using fadvise() in this manner is something not covered by POSIX. The patch wires up the syscall for x86. The sycall is implemented in the new fs/sync.c. The intention is that we can move sys_fsync(), sys_fdatasync() and perhaps sys_sync() into there later. Documentation for the syscall is in fs/sync.c. A test app (sync_file_range.c) is in http://www.zip.com.au/~akpm/linux/patches/stuff/ext3-tools.tar.gz. The available-to-GPL-modules do_sync_file_range() is for knfsd: "A COMMIT can say NFS_DATA_SYNC or NFS_FILE_SYNC. I can skip the ->fsync call for NFS_DATA_SYNC which is hopefully the more common." Note: the `async' writeout mode SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WRITE will turn synchronous if the queue is congested. This is trivial to fix: add a new flag bit, set wbc->nonblocking. But I'm not sure that we want to expose implementation details down to that level. Note: it's notable that we can sync an fd which wasn't opened for writing. Same with fsync() and fdatasync()). Note: the code takes some care to handle attempts to sync file contents outside the 16TB offset on 32-bit machines. It makes such attempts appear to succeed, for best 32-bit/64-bit compatibility. Perhaps it should make such requests fail... Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au> Cc: Michael Kerrisk <mtk-manpages@gmx.net> Cc: Ulrich Drepper <drepper@redhat.com> Cc: Neil Brown <neilb@cse.unsw.edu.au> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-03-31 05:30:42 -05:00
#define VALID_FLAGS (SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WAIT_BEFORE|SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WRITE| \
SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WAIT_AFTER)
/*
* Do the filesystem syncing work. For simple filesystems
* writeback_inodes_sb(sb) just dirties buffers with inodes so we have to
* submit IO for these buffers via __sync_blockdev(). This also speeds up the
* wait == 1 case since in that case write_inode() functions do
* sync_dirty_buffer() and thus effectively write one block at a time.
*/
static int __sync_filesystem(struct super_block *sb, int wait)
{
/*
* This should be safe, as we require bdi backing to actually
* write out data in the first place
*/
if (!sb->s_bdi)
return 0;
/* Avoid doing twice syncing and cache pruning for quota sync */
if (!wait) {
writeout_quota_sb(sb, -1);
writeback_inodes_sb(sb);
} else {
sync_quota_sb(sb, -1);
sync_inodes_sb(sb);
}
if (sb->s_op->sync_fs)
sb->s_op->sync_fs(sb, wait);
return __sync_blockdev(sb->s_bdev, wait);
}
/*
* Write out and wait upon all dirty data associated with this
* superblock. Filesystem data as well as the underlying block
* device. Takes the superblock lock.
*/
int sync_filesystem(struct super_block *sb)
{
int ret;
/*
* We need to be protected against the filesystem going from
* r/o to r/w or vice versa.
*/
WARN_ON(!rwsem_is_locked(&sb->s_umount));
/*
* No point in syncing out anything if the filesystem is read-only.
*/
if (sb->s_flags & MS_RDONLY)
return 0;
ret = __sync_filesystem(sb, 0);
if (ret < 0)
return ret;
return __sync_filesystem(sb, 1);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(sync_filesystem);
/*
* Sync all the data for all the filesystems (called by sys_sync() and
* emergency sync)
*
* This operation is careful to avoid the livelock which could easily happen
* if two or more filesystems are being continuously dirtied. s_need_sync
* is used only here. We set it against all filesystems and then clear it as
* we sync them. So redirtied filesystems are skipped.
*
* But if process A is currently running sync_filesystems and then process B
* calls sync_filesystems as well, process B will set all the s_need_sync
* flags again, which will cause process A to resync everything. Fix that with
* a local mutex.
*/
static void sync_filesystems(int wait)
{
struct super_block *sb;
static DEFINE_MUTEX(mutex);
mutex_lock(&mutex); /* Could be down_interruptible */
spin_lock(&sb_lock);
list_for_each_entry(sb, &super_blocks, s_list)
sb->s_need_sync = 1;
restart:
list_for_each_entry(sb, &super_blocks, s_list) {
if (!sb->s_need_sync)
continue;
sb->s_need_sync = 0;
sb->s_count++;
spin_unlock(&sb_lock);
down_read(&sb->s_umount);
if (!(sb->s_flags & MS_RDONLY) && sb->s_root && sb->s_bdi)
__sync_filesystem(sb, wait);
up_read(&sb->s_umount);
/* restart only when sb is no longer on the list */
spin_lock(&sb_lock);
if (__put_super_and_need_restart(sb))
goto restart;
}
spin_unlock(&sb_lock);
mutex_unlock(&mutex);
}
sys_sync(): fix 16% performance regression in ffsb create_4k test I run many ffsb test cases on JBODs (typically 13/12 disks). Comparing with kernel 2.6.30, 2.6.31-rc1 has about 16% regression with ffsb_create_4k. The sub test case creates files continuously for 10 minitues and every file is 1MB. Bisect located below patch. 5cee5815d1564bbbd505fea86f4550f1efdb5cd0 is first bad commit commit 5cee5815d1564bbbd505fea86f4550f1efdb5cd0 Author: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz> Date: Mon Apr 27 16:43:51 2009 +0200 vfs: Make sys_sync() use fsync_super() (version 4) It is unnecessarily fragile to have two places (fsync_super() and do_sync()) doing data integrity sync of the filesystem. Alter __fsync_super() to accommodate needs of both callers and use it. So after this patch __fsync_super() is the only place where we gather all the calls needed to properly send all data on a filesystem to disk. As a matter of fact, ffsb calls sys_sync in the end to make sure all data is flushed to disks and the flushing is counted into the result. vmstat shows ffsb is blocked when syncing for a long time. With 2.6.30, ffsb is blocked for a short time. I checked the patch and did experiments to recover the original methods. Eventually, the root cause is the patch deletes the calling to wakeup_pdflush when syncing, so only ffsb is blocked on disk I/O. wakeup_pdflush could ask pdflush to write back pages with ffsb at the same time. [akpm@linux-foundation.org: restore comment too] Signed-off-by: Zhang Yanmin <yanmin_zhang@linux.intel.com> Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz> Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk> Acked-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2009-07-05 15:08:08 -04:00
/*
* sync everything. Start out by waking pdflush, because that writes back
* all queues in parallel.
*/
SYSCALL_DEFINE0(sync)
{
writeback: switch to per-bdi threads for flushing data This gets rid of pdflush for bdi writeout and kupdated style cleaning. pdflush writeout suffers from lack of locality and also requires more threads to handle the same workload, since it has to work in a non-blocking fashion against each queue. This also introduces lumpy behaviour and potential request starvation, since pdflush can be starved for queue access if others are accessing it. A sample ffsb workload that does random writes to files is about 8% faster here on a simple SATA drive during the benchmark phase. File layout also seems a LOT more smooth in vmstat: r b swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id wa 0 1 0 608848 2652 375372 0 0 0 71024 604 24 1 10 48 42 0 1 0 549644 2712 433736 0 0 0 60692 505 27 1 8 48 44 1 0 0 476928 2784 505192 0 0 4 29540 553 24 0 9 53 37 0 1 0 457972 2808 524008 0 0 0 54876 331 16 0 4 38 58 0 1 0 366128 2928 614284 0 0 4 92168 710 58 0 13 53 34 0 1 0 295092 3000 684140 0 0 0 62924 572 23 0 9 53 37 0 1 0 236592 3064 741704 0 0 4 58256 523 17 0 8 48 44 0 1 0 165608 3132 811464 0 0 0 57460 560 21 0 8 54 38 0 1 0 102952 3200 873164 0 0 4 74748 540 29 1 10 48 41 0 1 0 48604 3252 926472 0 0 0 53248 469 29 0 7 47 45 where vanilla tends to fluctuate a lot in the creation phase: r b swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id wa 1 1 0 678716 5792 303380 0 0 0 74064 565 50 1 11 52 36 1 0 0 662488 5864 319396 0 0 4 352 302 329 0 2 47 51 0 1 0 599312 5924 381468 0 0 0 78164 516 55 0 9 51 40 0 1 0 519952 6008 459516 0 0 4 78156 622 56 1 11 52 37 1 1 0 436640 6092 541632 0 0 0 82244 622 54 0 11 48 41 0 1 0 436640 6092 541660 0 0 0 8 152 39 0 0 51 49 0 1 0 332224 6200 644252 0 0 4 102800 728 46 1 13 49 36 1 0 0 274492 6260 701056 0 0 4 12328 459 49 0 7 50 43 0 1 0 211220 6324 763356 0 0 0 106940 515 37 1 10 51 39 1 0 0 160412 6376 813468 0 0 0 8224 415 43 0 6 49 45 1 1 0 85980 6452 886556 0 0 4 113516 575 39 1 11 54 34 0 2 0 85968 6452 886620 0 0 0 1640 158 211 0 0 46 54 A 10 disk test with btrfs performs 26% faster with per-bdi flushing. A SSD based writeback test on XFS performs over 20% better as well, with the throughput being very stable around 1GB/sec, where pdflush only manages 750MB/sec and fluctuates wildly while doing so. Random buffered writes to many files behave a lot better as well, as does random mmap'ed writes. A separate thread is added to sync the super blocks. In the long term, adding sync_supers_bdi() functionality could get rid of this thread again. Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
2009-09-09 03:08:54 -04:00
wakeup_flusher_threads(0);
sync_filesystems(0);
sync_filesystems(1);
if (unlikely(laptop_mode))
laptop_sync_completion();
return 0;
}
static void do_sync_work(struct work_struct *work)
{
/*
* Sync twice to reduce the possibility we skipped some inodes / pages
* because they were temporarily locked
*/
sync_filesystems(0);
sync_filesystems(0);
printk("Emergency Sync complete\n");
kfree(work);
}
void emergency_sync(void)
{
struct work_struct *work;
work = kmalloc(sizeof(*work), GFP_ATOMIC);
if (work) {
INIT_WORK(work, do_sync_work);
schedule_work(work);
}
}
/*
* Generic function to fsync a file.
*
* filp may be NULL if called via the msync of a vma.
*/
int file_fsync(struct file *filp, struct dentry *dentry, int datasync)
{
struct inode * inode = dentry->d_inode;
struct super_block * sb;
int ret, err;
/* sync the inode to buffers */
ret = write_inode_now(inode, 0);
/* sync the superblock to buffers */
sb = inode->i_sb;
if (sb->s_dirt && sb->s_op->write_super)
sb->s_op->write_super(sb);
/* .. finally sync the buffers to disk */
err = sync_blockdev(sb->s_bdev);
if (!ret)
ret = err;
return ret;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(file_fsync);
/**
* vfs_fsync_range - helper to sync a range of data & metadata to disk
* @file: file to sync
* @dentry: dentry of @file
* @start: offset in bytes of the beginning of data range to sync
* @end: offset in bytes of the end of data range (inclusive)
* @datasync: perform only datasync
*
* Write back data in range @start..@end and metadata for @file to disk. If
* @datasync is set only metadata needed to access modified file data is
* written.
*
* In case this function is called from nfsd @file may be %NULL and
* only @dentry is set. This can only happen when the filesystem
* implements the export_operations API.
*/
int vfs_fsync_range(struct file *file, struct dentry *dentry, loff_t start,
loff_t end, int datasync)
{
const struct file_operations *fop;
struct address_space *mapping;
int err, ret;
/*
* Get mapping and operations from the file in case we have
* as file, or get the default values for them in case we
* don't have a struct file available. Damn nfsd..
*/
if (file) {
mapping = file->f_mapping;
fop = file->f_op;
} else {
mapping = dentry->d_inode->i_mapping;
fop = dentry->d_inode->i_fop;
}
if (!fop || !fop->fsync) {
ret = -EINVAL;
goto out;
}
fsync: wait for data writeout completion before calling ->fsync Currenly vfs_fsync(_range) first calls filemap_fdatawrite to write out the data, the calls into ->fsync to write out the metadata and then finally calls filemap_fdatawait to wait for the data I/O to complete. What sounds like a clever micro-optimization actually is nast trap for many filesystems. For many modern filesystems i_size or other inode information is only updated on I/O completion and we need to wait for I/O to finish before we can write out the metadata. For old fashionen filesystems that instanciate blocks during the actual write and also update the metadata at that point it opens up a large window were we could expose uninitialized blocks after a crash. While a few filesystems that need it already wait for the I/O to finish inside their ->fsync methods it is rather suboptimal as it is done under the i_mutex and also always for the whole file instead of just a part as we could do for O_SYNC handling. Here is a small audit of all fsync instances in the tree: - spufs_mfc_fsync: - ps3flash_fsync: - vol_cdev_fsync: - printer_fsync: - fb_deferred_io_fsync: - bad_file_fsync: - simple_sync_file: don't care - filesystems/drivers do't use the page cache or are purely in-memory. - simple_fsync: - file_fsync: - affs_file_fsync: - fat_file_fsync: - jfs_fsync: - ubifs_fsync: - reiserfs_dir_fsync: - reiserfs_sync_file: never touch pagecache themselves. We need to wait before if we do not want to expose stale data after an allocation. - afs_fsync: - fuse_fsync_common: do the waiting writeback itself in awkward ways, would benefit from proper semantics - block_fsync: Does a filemap_write_and_wait on the block device inode. Because we now have f_mapping that is the same inode we call it on in vfs_fsync. So just removing it and letting the VFS do the work in one go would be an improvement. - btrfs_sync_file: - cifs_fsync: - xfs_file_fsync: need the wait first and currently do it themselves. would benefit from doing it outside i_mutex. - coda_fsync: - ecryptfs_fsync: - exofs_file_fsync: - shm_fsync: only passes the fsync through to the lower layer - ext3_sync_file: doesn't seem to care, comments are confusing. - ext4_sync_file: would need the wait to work correctly for delalloc mode with late i_size updates. Otherwise the ext3 comment applies. currently implemens it's own writeback and wait in an odd way, could benefit from doing it properly. - gfs2_fsync: not needed for journaled data mode, but probably harmless there. Currently writes back data asynchronously itself. Needs some major audit. - hostfs_fsync: just calls fsync/datasync on the host FD. Without the wait before data might not even be inflight yet if we're unlucky. - hpfs_file_fsync: - ncp_fsync: no-ops. Dangerous before and after. - jffs2_fsync: just calls jffs2_flush_wbuf_gc, not sure how this relates to data. - nfs_fsync_dir: just increments stats, claims all directory operations are synchronous - nfs_file_fsync: only writes out data??? Looks very odd. - nilfs_sync_file: looks like it expects all data done, but not sure from the code - ntfs_dir_fsync: - ntfs_file_fsync: appear to do their own data writeback. Very convoluted code. - ocfs2_sync_file: does it's own data writeback, but no wait. probably needs the wait. - smb_fsync: according to a comment expects all pages written already, probably needs the wait before. This patch only changes vfs_fsync_range, removal of the wait in the methods that have it is left to the filesystem maintainers. Note that most filesystems really do need an audit for their fsync methods given the gems found in this very brief audit. Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de> Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
2009-09-03 06:39:39 -04:00
ret = filemap_write_and_wait_range(mapping, start, end);
/*
* We need to protect against concurrent writers, which could cause
* livelocks in fsync_buffers_list().
*/
mutex_lock(&mapping->host->i_mutex);
err = fop->fsync(file, dentry, datasync);
if (!ret)
ret = err;
mutex_unlock(&mapping->host->i_mutex);
out:
return ret;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(vfs_fsync_range);
/**
* vfs_fsync - perform a fsync or fdatasync on a file
* @file: file to sync
* @dentry: dentry of @file
* @datasync: only perform a fdatasync operation
*
* Write back data and metadata for @file to disk. If @datasync is
* set only metadata needed to access modified file data is written.
*
* In case this function is called from nfsd @file may be %NULL and
* only @dentry is set. This can only happen when the filesystem
* implements the export_operations API.
*/
int vfs_fsync(struct file *file, struct dentry *dentry, int datasync)
{
return vfs_fsync_range(file, dentry, 0, LLONG_MAX, datasync);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(vfs_fsync);
static int do_fsync(unsigned int fd, int datasync)
{
struct file *file;
int ret = -EBADF;
file = fget(fd);
if (file) {
ret = vfs_fsync(file, file->f_path.dentry, datasync);
fput(file);
}
return ret;
}
SYSCALL_DEFINE1(fsync, unsigned int, fd)
{
return do_fsync(fd, 0);
}
SYSCALL_DEFINE1(fdatasync, unsigned int, fd)
{
return do_fsync(fd, 1);
}
/**
* generic_write_sync - perform syncing after a write if file / inode is sync
* @file: file to which the write happened
* @pos: offset where the write started
* @count: length of the write
*
* This is just a simple wrapper about our general syncing function.
*/
int generic_write_sync(struct file *file, loff_t pos, loff_t count)
{
if (!(file->f_flags & O_SYNC) && !IS_SYNC(file->f_mapping->host))
return 0;
return vfs_fsync_range(file, file->f_path.dentry, pos,
pos + count - 1, 1);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(generic_write_sync);
[PATCH] sys_sync_file_range() Remove the recently-added LINUX_FADV_ASYNC_WRITE and LINUX_FADV_WRITE_WAIT fadvise() additions, do it in a new sys_sync_file_range() syscall instead. Reasons: - It's more flexible. Things which would require two or three syscalls with fadvise() can be done in a single syscall. - Using fadvise() in this manner is something not covered by POSIX. The patch wires up the syscall for x86. The sycall is implemented in the new fs/sync.c. The intention is that we can move sys_fsync(), sys_fdatasync() and perhaps sys_sync() into there later. Documentation for the syscall is in fs/sync.c. A test app (sync_file_range.c) is in http://www.zip.com.au/~akpm/linux/patches/stuff/ext3-tools.tar.gz. The available-to-GPL-modules do_sync_file_range() is for knfsd: "A COMMIT can say NFS_DATA_SYNC or NFS_FILE_SYNC. I can skip the ->fsync call for NFS_DATA_SYNC which is hopefully the more common." Note: the `async' writeout mode SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WRITE will turn synchronous if the queue is congested. This is trivial to fix: add a new flag bit, set wbc->nonblocking. But I'm not sure that we want to expose implementation details down to that level. Note: it's notable that we can sync an fd which wasn't opened for writing. Same with fsync() and fdatasync()). Note: the code takes some care to handle attempts to sync file contents outside the 16TB offset on 32-bit machines. It makes such attempts appear to succeed, for best 32-bit/64-bit compatibility. Perhaps it should make such requests fail... Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au> Cc: Michael Kerrisk <mtk-manpages@gmx.net> Cc: Ulrich Drepper <drepper@redhat.com> Cc: Neil Brown <neilb@cse.unsw.edu.au> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-03-31 05:30:42 -05:00
/*
* sys_sync_file_range() permits finely controlled syncing over a segment of
* a file in the range offset .. (offset+nbytes-1) inclusive. If nbytes is
* zero then sys_sync_file_range() will operate from offset out to EOF.
*
* The flag bits are:
*
* SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WAIT_BEFORE: wait upon writeout of all pages in the range
* before performing the write.
*
* SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WRITE: initiate writeout of all those dirty pages in the
* range which are not presently under writeback. Note that this may block for
* significant periods due to exhaustion of disk request structures.
[PATCH] sys_sync_file_range() Remove the recently-added LINUX_FADV_ASYNC_WRITE and LINUX_FADV_WRITE_WAIT fadvise() additions, do it in a new sys_sync_file_range() syscall instead. Reasons: - It's more flexible. Things which would require two or three syscalls with fadvise() can be done in a single syscall. - Using fadvise() in this manner is something not covered by POSIX. The patch wires up the syscall for x86. The sycall is implemented in the new fs/sync.c. The intention is that we can move sys_fsync(), sys_fdatasync() and perhaps sys_sync() into there later. Documentation for the syscall is in fs/sync.c. A test app (sync_file_range.c) is in http://www.zip.com.au/~akpm/linux/patches/stuff/ext3-tools.tar.gz. The available-to-GPL-modules do_sync_file_range() is for knfsd: "A COMMIT can say NFS_DATA_SYNC or NFS_FILE_SYNC. I can skip the ->fsync call for NFS_DATA_SYNC which is hopefully the more common." Note: the `async' writeout mode SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WRITE will turn synchronous if the queue is congested. This is trivial to fix: add a new flag bit, set wbc->nonblocking. But I'm not sure that we want to expose implementation details down to that level. Note: it's notable that we can sync an fd which wasn't opened for writing. Same with fsync() and fdatasync()). Note: the code takes some care to handle attempts to sync file contents outside the 16TB offset on 32-bit machines. It makes such attempts appear to succeed, for best 32-bit/64-bit compatibility. Perhaps it should make such requests fail... Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au> Cc: Michael Kerrisk <mtk-manpages@gmx.net> Cc: Ulrich Drepper <drepper@redhat.com> Cc: Neil Brown <neilb@cse.unsw.edu.au> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-03-31 05:30:42 -05:00
*
* SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WAIT_AFTER: wait upon writeout of all pages in the range
* after performing the write.
*
* Useful combinations of the flag bits are:
*
* SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WAIT_BEFORE|SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WRITE: ensures that all pages
* in the range which were dirty on entry to sys_sync_file_range() are placed
* under writeout. This is a start-write-for-data-integrity operation.
*
* SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WRITE: start writeout of all dirty pages in the range which
* are not presently under writeout. This is an asynchronous flush-to-disk
* operation. Not suitable for data integrity operations.
*
* SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WAIT_BEFORE (or SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WAIT_AFTER): wait for
* completion of writeout of all pages in the range. This will be used after an
* earlier SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WAIT_BEFORE|SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WRITE operation to wait
* for that operation to complete and to return the result.
*
* SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WAIT_BEFORE|SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WRITE|SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WAIT_AFTER:
* a traditional sync() operation. This is a write-for-data-integrity operation
* which will ensure that all pages in the range which were dirty on entry to
* sys_sync_file_range() are committed to disk.
*
*
* SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WAIT_BEFORE and SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WAIT_AFTER will detect any
* I/O errors or ENOSPC conditions and will return those to the caller, after
* clearing the EIO and ENOSPC flags in the address_space.
*
* It should be noted that none of these operations write out the file's
* metadata. So unless the application is strictly performing overwrites of
* already-instantiated disk blocks, there are no guarantees here that the data
* will be available after a crash.
*/
SYSCALL_DEFINE(sync_file_range)(int fd, loff_t offset, loff_t nbytes,
unsigned int flags)
[PATCH] sys_sync_file_range() Remove the recently-added LINUX_FADV_ASYNC_WRITE and LINUX_FADV_WRITE_WAIT fadvise() additions, do it in a new sys_sync_file_range() syscall instead. Reasons: - It's more flexible. Things which would require two or three syscalls with fadvise() can be done in a single syscall. - Using fadvise() in this manner is something not covered by POSIX. The patch wires up the syscall for x86. The sycall is implemented in the new fs/sync.c. The intention is that we can move sys_fsync(), sys_fdatasync() and perhaps sys_sync() into there later. Documentation for the syscall is in fs/sync.c. A test app (sync_file_range.c) is in http://www.zip.com.au/~akpm/linux/patches/stuff/ext3-tools.tar.gz. The available-to-GPL-modules do_sync_file_range() is for knfsd: "A COMMIT can say NFS_DATA_SYNC or NFS_FILE_SYNC. I can skip the ->fsync call for NFS_DATA_SYNC which is hopefully the more common." Note: the `async' writeout mode SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WRITE will turn synchronous if the queue is congested. This is trivial to fix: add a new flag bit, set wbc->nonblocking. But I'm not sure that we want to expose implementation details down to that level. Note: it's notable that we can sync an fd which wasn't opened for writing. Same with fsync() and fdatasync()). Note: the code takes some care to handle attempts to sync file contents outside the 16TB offset on 32-bit machines. It makes such attempts appear to succeed, for best 32-bit/64-bit compatibility. Perhaps it should make such requests fail... Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au> Cc: Michael Kerrisk <mtk-manpages@gmx.net> Cc: Ulrich Drepper <drepper@redhat.com> Cc: Neil Brown <neilb@cse.unsw.edu.au> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-03-31 05:30:42 -05:00
{
int ret;
struct file *file;
loff_t endbyte; /* inclusive */
int fput_needed;
umode_t i_mode;
ret = -EINVAL;
if (flags & ~VALID_FLAGS)
goto out;
endbyte = offset + nbytes;
if ((s64)offset < 0)
goto out;
if ((s64)endbyte < 0)
goto out;
if (endbyte < offset)
goto out;
if (sizeof(pgoff_t) == 4) {
if (offset >= (0x100000000ULL << PAGE_CACHE_SHIFT)) {
/*
* The range starts outside a 32 bit machine's
* pagecache addressing capabilities. Let it "succeed"
*/
ret = 0;
goto out;
}
if (endbyte >= (0x100000000ULL << PAGE_CACHE_SHIFT)) {
/*
* Out to EOF
*/
nbytes = 0;
}
}
if (nbytes == 0)
[PATCH] writeback: fix range handling When a writeback_control's `start' and `end' fields are used to indicate a one-byte-range starting at file offset zero, the required values of .start=0,.end=0 mean that the ->writepages() implementation has no way of telling that it is being asked to perform a range request. Because we're currently overloading (start == 0 && end == 0) to mean "this is not a write-a-range request". To make all this sane, the patch changes range of writeback_control. So caller does: If it is calling ->writepages() to write pages, it sets range (range_start/end or range_cyclic) always. And if range_cyclic is true, ->writepages() thinks the range is cyclic, otherwise it just uses range_start and range_end. This patch does, - Add LLONG_MAX, LLONG_MIN, ULLONG_MAX to include/linux/kernel.h -1 is usually ok for range_end (type is long long). But, if someone did, range_end += val; range_end is "val - 1" u64val = range_end >> bits; u64val is "~(0ULL)" or something, they are wrong. So, this adds LLONG_MAX to avoid nasty things, and uses LLONG_MAX for range_end. - All callers of ->writepages() sets range_start/end or range_cyclic. - Fix updates of ->writeback_index. It seems already bit strange. If it starts at 0 and ended by check of nr_to_write, this last index may reduce chance to scan end of file. So, this updates ->writeback_index only if range_cyclic is true or whole-file is scanned. Signed-off-by: OGAWA Hirofumi <hirofumi@mail.parknet.co.jp> Cc: Nathan Scott <nathans@sgi.com> Cc: Anton Altaparmakov <aia21@cantab.net> Cc: Steven French <sfrench@us.ibm.com> Cc: "Vladimir V. Saveliev" <vs@namesys.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-06-23 05:03:26 -04:00
endbyte = LLONG_MAX;
[PATCH] sys_sync_file_range() Remove the recently-added LINUX_FADV_ASYNC_WRITE and LINUX_FADV_WRITE_WAIT fadvise() additions, do it in a new sys_sync_file_range() syscall instead. Reasons: - It's more flexible. Things which would require two or three syscalls with fadvise() can be done in a single syscall. - Using fadvise() in this manner is something not covered by POSIX. The patch wires up the syscall for x86. The sycall is implemented in the new fs/sync.c. The intention is that we can move sys_fsync(), sys_fdatasync() and perhaps sys_sync() into there later. Documentation for the syscall is in fs/sync.c. A test app (sync_file_range.c) is in http://www.zip.com.au/~akpm/linux/patches/stuff/ext3-tools.tar.gz. The available-to-GPL-modules do_sync_file_range() is for knfsd: "A COMMIT can say NFS_DATA_SYNC or NFS_FILE_SYNC. I can skip the ->fsync call for NFS_DATA_SYNC which is hopefully the more common." Note: the `async' writeout mode SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WRITE will turn synchronous if the queue is congested. This is trivial to fix: add a new flag bit, set wbc->nonblocking. But I'm not sure that we want to expose implementation details down to that level. Note: it's notable that we can sync an fd which wasn't opened for writing. Same with fsync() and fdatasync()). Note: the code takes some care to handle attempts to sync file contents outside the 16TB offset on 32-bit machines. It makes such attempts appear to succeed, for best 32-bit/64-bit compatibility. Perhaps it should make such requests fail... Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au> Cc: Michael Kerrisk <mtk-manpages@gmx.net> Cc: Ulrich Drepper <drepper@redhat.com> Cc: Neil Brown <neilb@cse.unsw.edu.au> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-03-31 05:30:42 -05:00
else
endbyte--; /* inclusive */
ret = -EBADF;
file = fget_light(fd, &fput_needed);
if (!file)
goto out;
i_mode = file->f_path.dentry->d_inode->i_mode;
[PATCH] sys_sync_file_range() Remove the recently-added LINUX_FADV_ASYNC_WRITE and LINUX_FADV_WRITE_WAIT fadvise() additions, do it in a new sys_sync_file_range() syscall instead. Reasons: - It's more flexible. Things which would require two or three syscalls with fadvise() can be done in a single syscall. - Using fadvise() in this manner is something not covered by POSIX. The patch wires up the syscall for x86. The sycall is implemented in the new fs/sync.c. The intention is that we can move sys_fsync(), sys_fdatasync() and perhaps sys_sync() into there later. Documentation for the syscall is in fs/sync.c. A test app (sync_file_range.c) is in http://www.zip.com.au/~akpm/linux/patches/stuff/ext3-tools.tar.gz. The available-to-GPL-modules do_sync_file_range() is for knfsd: "A COMMIT can say NFS_DATA_SYNC or NFS_FILE_SYNC. I can skip the ->fsync call for NFS_DATA_SYNC which is hopefully the more common." Note: the `async' writeout mode SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WRITE will turn synchronous if the queue is congested. This is trivial to fix: add a new flag bit, set wbc->nonblocking. But I'm not sure that we want to expose implementation details down to that level. Note: it's notable that we can sync an fd which wasn't opened for writing. Same with fsync() and fdatasync()). Note: the code takes some care to handle attempts to sync file contents outside the 16TB offset on 32-bit machines. It makes such attempts appear to succeed, for best 32-bit/64-bit compatibility. Perhaps it should make such requests fail... Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au> Cc: Michael Kerrisk <mtk-manpages@gmx.net> Cc: Ulrich Drepper <drepper@redhat.com> Cc: Neil Brown <neilb@cse.unsw.edu.au> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-03-31 05:30:42 -05:00
ret = -ESPIPE;
if (!S_ISREG(i_mode) && !S_ISBLK(i_mode) && !S_ISDIR(i_mode) &&
!S_ISLNK(i_mode))
goto out_put;
ret = do_sync_mapping_range(file->f_mapping, offset, endbyte, flags);
[PATCH] sys_sync_file_range() Remove the recently-added LINUX_FADV_ASYNC_WRITE and LINUX_FADV_WRITE_WAIT fadvise() additions, do it in a new sys_sync_file_range() syscall instead. Reasons: - It's more flexible. Things which would require two or three syscalls with fadvise() can be done in a single syscall. - Using fadvise() in this manner is something not covered by POSIX. The patch wires up the syscall for x86. The sycall is implemented in the new fs/sync.c. The intention is that we can move sys_fsync(), sys_fdatasync() and perhaps sys_sync() into there later. Documentation for the syscall is in fs/sync.c. A test app (sync_file_range.c) is in http://www.zip.com.au/~akpm/linux/patches/stuff/ext3-tools.tar.gz. The available-to-GPL-modules do_sync_file_range() is for knfsd: "A COMMIT can say NFS_DATA_SYNC or NFS_FILE_SYNC. I can skip the ->fsync call for NFS_DATA_SYNC which is hopefully the more common." Note: the `async' writeout mode SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WRITE will turn synchronous if the queue is congested. This is trivial to fix: add a new flag bit, set wbc->nonblocking. But I'm not sure that we want to expose implementation details down to that level. Note: it's notable that we can sync an fd which wasn't opened for writing. Same with fsync() and fdatasync()). Note: the code takes some care to handle attempts to sync file contents outside the 16TB offset on 32-bit machines. It makes such attempts appear to succeed, for best 32-bit/64-bit compatibility. Perhaps it should make such requests fail... Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au> Cc: Michael Kerrisk <mtk-manpages@gmx.net> Cc: Ulrich Drepper <drepper@redhat.com> Cc: Neil Brown <neilb@cse.unsw.edu.au> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-03-31 05:30:42 -05:00
out_put:
fput_light(file, fput_needed);
out:
return ret;
}
#ifdef CONFIG_HAVE_SYSCALL_WRAPPERS
asmlinkage long SyS_sync_file_range(long fd, loff_t offset, loff_t nbytes,
long flags)
{
return SYSC_sync_file_range((int) fd, offset, nbytes,
(unsigned int) flags);
}
SYSCALL_ALIAS(sys_sync_file_range, SyS_sync_file_range);
#endif
[PATCH] sys_sync_file_range() Remove the recently-added LINUX_FADV_ASYNC_WRITE and LINUX_FADV_WRITE_WAIT fadvise() additions, do it in a new sys_sync_file_range() syscall instead. Reasons: - It's more flexible. Things which would require two or three syscalls with fadvise() can be done in a single syscall. - Using fadvise() in this manner is something not covered by POSIX. The patch wires up the syscall for x86. The sycall is implemented in the new fs/sync.c. The intention is that we can move sys_fsync(), sys_fdatasync() and perhaps sys_sync() into there later. Documentation for the syscall is in fs/sync.c. A test app (sync_file_range.c) is in http://www.zip.com.au/~akpm/linux/patches/stuff/ext3-tools.tar.gz. The available-to-GPL-modules do_sync_file_range() is for knfsd: "A COMMIT can say NFS_DATA_SYNC or NFS_FILE_SYNC. I can skip the ->fsync call for NFS_DATA_SYNC which is hopefully the more common." Note: the `async' writeout mode SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WRITE will turn synchronous if the queue is congested. This is trivial to fix: add a new flag bit, set wbc->nonblocking. But I'm not sure that we want to expose implementation details down to that level. Note: it's notable that we can sync an fd which wasn't opened for writing. Same with fsync() and fdatasync()). Note: the code takes some care to handle attempts to sync file contents outside the 16TB offset on 32-bit machines. It makes such attempts appear to succeed, for best 32-bit/64-bit compatibility. Perhaps it should make such requests fail... Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au> Cc: Michael Kerrisk <mtk-manpages@gmx.net> Cc: Ulrich Drepper <drepper@redhat.com> Cc: Neil Brown <neilb@cse.unsw.edu.au> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-03-31 05:30:42 -05:00
/* It would be nice if people remember that not all the world's an i386
when they introduce new system calls */
SYSCALL_DEFINE(sync_file_range2)(int fd, unsigned int flags,
loff_t offset, loff_t nbytes)
{
return sys_sync_file_range(fd, offset, nbytes, flags);
}
#ifdef CONFIG_HAVE_SYSCALL_WRAPPERS
asmlinkage long SyS_sync_file_range2(long fd, long flags,
loff_t offset, loff_t nbytes)
{
return SYSC_sync_file_range2((int) fd, (unsigned int) flags,
offset, nbytes);
}
SYSCALL_ALIAS(sys_sync_file_range2, SyS_sync_file_range2);
#endif
[PATCH] sys_sync_file_range() Remove the recently-added LINUX_FADV_ASYNC_WRITE and LINUX_FADV_WRITE_WAIT fadvise() additions, do it in a new sys_sync_file_range() syscall instead. Reasons: - It's more flexible. Things which would require two or three syscalls with fadvise() can be done in a single syscall. - Using fadvise() in this manner is something not covered by POSIX. The patch wires up the syscall for x86. The sycall is implemented in the new fs/sync.c. The intention is that we can move sys_fsync(), sys_fdatasync() and perhaps sys_sync() into there later. Documentation for the syscall is in fs/sync.c. A test app (sync_file_range.c) is in http://www.zip.com.au/~akpm/linux/patches/stuff/ext3-tools.tar.gz. The available-to-GPL-modules do_sync_file_range() is for knfsd: "A COMMIT can say NFS_DATA_SYNC or NFS_FILE_SYNC. I can skip the ->fsync call for NFS_DATA_SYNC which is hopefully the more common." Note: the `async' writeout mode SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WRITE will turn synchronous if the queue is congested. This is trivial to fix: add a new flag bit, set wbc->nonblocking. But I'm not sure that we want to expose implementation details down to that level. Note: it's notable that we can sync an fd which wasn't opened for writing. Same with fsync() and fdatasync()). Note: the code takes some care to handle attempts to sync file contents outside the 16TB offset on 32-bit machines. It makes such attempts appear to succeed, for best 32-bit/64-bit compatibility. Perhaps it should make such requests fail... Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au> Cc: Michael Kerrisk <mtk-manpages@gmx.net> Cc: Ulrich Drepper <drepper@redhat.com> Cc: Neil Brown <neilb@cse.unsw.edu.au> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-03-31 05:30:42 -05:00
/*
* `endbyte' is inclusive
*/
int do_sync_mapping_range(struct address_space *mapping, loff_t offset,
loff_t endbyte, unsigned int flags)
[PATCH] sys_sync_file_range() Remove the recently-added LINUX_FADV_ASYNC_WRITE and LINUX_FADV_WRITE_WAIT fadvise() additions, do it in a new sys_sync_file_range() syscall instead. Reasons: - It's more flexible. Things which would require two or three syscalls with fadvise() can be done in a single syscall. - Using fadvise() in this manner is something not covered by POSIX. The patch wires up the syscall for x86. The sycall is implemented in the new fs/sync.c. The intention is that we can move sys_fsync(), sys_fdatasync() and perhaps sys_sync() into there later. Documentation for the syscall is in fs/sync.c. A test app (sync_file_range.c) is in http://www.zip.com.au/~akpm/linux/patches/stuff/ext3-tools.tar.gz. The available-to-GPL-modules do_sync_file_range() is for knfsd: "A COMMIT can say NFS_DATA_SYNC or NFS_FILE_SYNC. I can skip the ->fsync call for NFS_DATA_SYNC which is hopefully the more common." Note: the `async' writeout mode SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WRITE will turn synchronous if the queue is congested. This is trivial to fix: add a new flag bit, set wbc->nonblocking. But I'm not sure that we want to expose implementation details down to that level. Note: it's notable that we can sync an fd which wasn't opened for writing. Same with fsync() and fdatasync()). Note: the code takes some care to handle attempts to sync file contents outside the 16TB offset on 32-bit machines. It makes such attempts appear to succeed, for best 32-bit/64-bit compatibility. Perhaps it should make such requests fail... Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au> Cc: Michael Kerrisk <mtk-manpages@gmx.net> Cc: Ulrich Drepper <drepper@redhat.com> Cc: Neil Brown <neilb@cse.unsw.edu.au> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-03-31 05:30:42 -05:00
{
int ret;
if (!mapping) {
ret = -EINVAL;
goto out;
}
ret = 0;
if (flags & SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WAIT_BEFORE) {
ret = wait_on_page_writeback_range(mapping,
offset >> PAGE_CACHE_SHIFT,
endbyte >> PAGE_CACHE_SHIFT);
if (ret < 0)
goto out;
}
if (flags & SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WRITE) {
ret = __filemap_fdatawrite_range(mapping, offset, endbyte,
WB_SYNC_ALL);
[PATCH] sys_sync_file_range() Remove the recently-added LINUX_FADV_ASYNC_WRITE and LINUX_FADV_WRITE_WAIT fadvise() additions, do it in a new sys_sync_file_range() syscall instead. Reasons: - It's more flexible. Things which would require two or three syscalls with fadvise() can be done in a single syscall. - Using fadvise() in this manner is something not covered by POSIX. The patch wires up the syscall for x86. The sycall is implemented in the new fs/sync.c. The intention is that we can move sys_fsync(), sys_fdatasync() and perhaps sys_sync() into there later. Documentation for the syscall is in fs/sync.c. A test app (sync_file_range.c) is in http://www.zip.com.au/~akpm/linux/patches/stuff/ext3-tools.tar.gz. The available-to-GPL-modules do_sync_file_range() is for knfsd: "A COMMIT can say NFS_DATA_SYNC or NFS_FILE_SYNC. I can skip the ->fsync call for NFS_DATA_SYNC which is hopefully the more common." Note: the `async' writeout mode SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WRITE will turn synchronous if the queue is congested. This is trivial to fix: add a new flag bit, set wbc->nonblocking. But I'm not sure that we want to expose implementation details down to that level. Note: it's notable that we can sync an fd which wasn't opened for writing. Same with fsync() and fdatasync()). Note: the code takes some care to handle attempts to sync file contents outside the 16TB offset on 32-bit machines. It makes such attempts appear to succeed, for best 32-bit/64-bit compatibility. Perhaps it should make such requests fail... Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au> Cc: Michael Kerrisk <mtk-manpages@gmx.net> Cc: Ulrich Drepper <drepper@redhat.com> Cc: Neil Brown <neilb@cse.unsw.edu.au> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-03-31 05:30:42 -05:00
if (ret < 0)
goto out;
}
if (flags & SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WAIT_AFTER) {
ret = wait_on_page_writeback_range(mapping,
offset >> PAGE_CACHE_SHIFT,
endbyte >> PAGE_CACHE_SHIFT);
}
out:
return ret;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(do_sync_mapping_range);