_WSJT-X_ supports a number of features designed for use on the VHF and
higher bands.  These features include:

- *FT4*, for contesting

- *FT8*, for fast QSOs with weak, fading signals

- *JT4*, for EME on the microwave bands

- *JT9 fast modes*, for scatter propagation on VHF bands

- *JT65*, for EME on VHF and higher bands

- *Q65*, for ionospheric scatter, tropospheric scatter, rain scatter, 
TEP, and EME

- *MSK144*, for meteor scatter

- *Echo* mode, for detecting and measuring your own lunar echoes

- *Doppler tracking*, which becomes increasingly important for EME
on bands above 1.2 GHz.

[[VHF_SETUP]]
=== VHF Setup

To activate the VHF-and-up features:

- On the *Settings | General* tab check *Enable VHF and submode
features* and *Single decode*.

- For EME, check *Decode after EME delay* to allow for extra path
delay on received signals.

- If you will use automatic Doppler tracking and your radio accepts
frequency-setting commands while transmitting, check *Allow Tx
frequency changes while transmitting*.  Transceivers known to permit
such changes include the IC-735, IC-756 Pro II, IC-910-H, FT-847,
TS-590S, TS-590SG, TS-2000 (with Rev 9 or later firmware upgrade),
Flex 1500 and 5000, HPSDR, Anan-10, Anan-100, and KX3.  To gain full
benefit of Doppler tracking your radio should allow frequency changes
under CAT control in 1 Hz steps.

NOTE: If your radio does not accept commands to change frequency
while transmitting, Doppler tracking will be approximated with a
single Tx frequency adjustment before a transmission starts, using a
value computed for the middle of the Tx period.

- On the *Radio* tab select *Split Operation* (use either *Rig* or
*Fake It*; you may need to experiment with both options to find one
that works best with your radio).

- On the right side of the main window select *Tab 1* to present the
traditional format for entering and choosing Tx messages.

The main window will reconfigure itself as necessary to display
controls supporting the features of each mode.

- If you are using transverters, set appropriate frequency offsets on
the *Settings | Frequencies* tab.  Offset is defined as (transceiver
dial reading) minus (on-the-air frequency).  For example, when using a
144 MHz radio at 10368 MHz, *Offset (MHz)* = (144 - 10368) =
-10224.000.  If the band is already in the table, you can edit the
offset by double clicking on the offset field itself.  Otherwise a new
band can be added by right clicking in the table and selecting
*Insert*.

image::Add_station_info.png[align="center",alt="Station information"]

- On the *View* menu, select *Astronomical data* to display a window
with important information for tracking the Moon and performing
automatic Doppler control.  The right-hand portion of the window
becomes visible when you check *Doppler tracking*.

image::Astronomical_data.png[align="center",alt="Astronomical data"]

Five different types of Doppler tracking are provided:

- Select *Full Doppler to DX Grid* if you know your QSO partner's locator
and he/she will not be using any Doppler control.

- Select *Own Echo* to enable EME Doppler tracking of your receive
frequency to your own echo frequency. Your Tx frequency will remain fixed
and is set to the Sked frequency.  This mode can be used when announcing 
your CQ call on a specific frequency and listening on your own echo
frequency.  It can also be used for echo testing with Echo mode.

- Select *Constant frequency on Moon* to correct for your own one-way
Doppler shift to or from the Moon.  If your QSO partner does the same
thing, both stations will have the required Doppler compensation.
Moreover, anyone else using this option will hear both of you
without the need for manual frequency changes.

- Select *On Dx Echo* when your QSO partner announces his/her transmit
frequency and that they are listening on their own echo
frequency. When clicked, this Doppler method will set your rig
frequency on receive to correct for the mutual Doppler shift. On
transmit, your rig frequency will be set so that your QSO partner will
receive you on the same frequency as they receive their own echo.
Sked frequency in this case is set to that announced by your QSO
partner.

- Select *Call DX* after tuning the radio manually to find a station,
with the Doppler mode initially set to *None*. You may be tuning the band
looking for random stations, or to a frequency where a station has been
seen on an SDR display.  It is usually necessary to hold down the Ctrl key
while tuning the radio. From the moment *Call DX* is pressed, your 
transmit frequency is set so that your echo will fall on the same 
frequency you (and the DX station) are listening. 

- See <<ASTRODATA,Astronomical Data>> for details on the quantities
displayed in this window.

=== JT4

JT4 is designed especially for EME on the microwave bands, 2.3 GHz and
above.

- Select *JT4* from the *Mode* menu.  The central part of the main
window will look something like this:

image::VHF_controls.png[align="center",alt="VHF Controls"]

- Select the desired *Submode*, which determines the spacing of
transmitted tones. Wider spacings are used on the higher microwave
bands to allow for larger Doppler spreads. For example, submode JT4F
is generally used for EME on the 5.7 and 10 GHz bands.

- For EME QSOs some operators use short-form JT4 messages consisting
of a single tone.  To activate automatic generation of these messages,
check the box labeled *Sh*. This also enables the generation of a
single tone at 1000Hz by selecting Tx6, to assist in finding signals
initially.  The box labeled *Tx6* toggles the Tx6 message from 1000Hz
to 1250Hz to indicate to the other station that you are ready to
receive messages.

- Select *Deep* from the *Decode* menu.  You may also choose to
*Enable averaging* over successive transmissions and/or *Enable deep
search* (correlation decoding).

image::decode-menu.png[align="center",alt="Decode Menu"]

The following screen shot shows one transmission from a 10 GHz EME
QSO using submode JT4F.

image::JT4F.png[align="center",alt="JT4F"]

[[VHF_JT65]]
=== JT65

In many ways JT65 operation on VHF and higher bands is similar to HF
usage, but a few important differences should be noted.  Typical
VHF/UHF operation involves only a single signal (or perhaps two or
three) in the receiver passband.  We recommend that you check *Single
decode* on the *Settings -> General* tab, and do not check *Two pass
decoding* on the *Advanced* tab.  With VHF features enabled the JT65
decoder will respond to special message formats often used for EME:
the OOO signal report and two-tone shorthand messages for RO, RRR, and
73.  These messages are always enabled for reception; they will be
automatically generated for transmission if you check the shorthand
message box *Sh*.  *Deep* on the *Decode* menu will be automatically
selected.  You may optionally include *Enable averaging*, *Enable Deep
search*, and *Enable AP*.

The following screen shot shows three transmissions from a 144 MHz EME
QSO using submode JT65B and shorthand messages.  Take note of the
colored tick marks on the Wide Graph frequency scale.  The green
marker at 1220 Hz indicates the selected QSO frequency (the frequency
of the JT65 Sync tone) and the *F Tol* range.  A green tick at 1575 Hz
marks the frequency of the highest JT65 data tone.  Orange markers
indicate the frequency of the upper tone of the two-tone signals for
RO, RRR, and 73.

image::JT65B.png[align="center",alt="JT65B"]

=== Q65

Q65 is designed for fast-fading signals: tropospheric scatter, rain
scatter, ionospheric scatter, trans-equatorial propagation (TEP), EME,
and the like.  The following screen shot shows a series of ionospheric
scatter QSOs using submode Q65-30A on the 6 meter band.  The received
signals were barely audible most of the time.

image::Q65_6m_ionoscatter.png[align="center",alt="Q65"]

The Q65 decoder takes advantage of _a priori_ (AP) information such as
the encoded forms of one's own callsign and the message word `CQ`.  In
normal usage, as a QSO progresses AP information increases to include
the callsign of the station being worked and perhaps his/her 4-digit
grid locator.  The decoder takes advantage of whatever AP information
is currently available.

For Q65 EME QSOs on the microwave bands, some operators
use short-form messages consisting of a single tone.  To activate
automatic generation of these messages, check the box labeled *Sh*.
This also enables the generation of a single tone at 1000Hz by
selecting Tx6, to assist in finding signals initially.  The box
labeled *Tx6* switches the Tx6 message from 1000Hz to 1250Hz to
indicate to the other station that you are ready to receive messages.
These short-form messages are not decoded automatically, and
auto-sequencing will not respond to them.  You must recognize and
interpret them yourself.

// TIP: G3WDG has prepared a more detailed tutorial on using {QRA64_EME}. 

=== MSK144

Meteor scatter QSOs can be made any time on the VHF bands at distances
up to about 2100 km (1300 miles).  Completing a QSO takes longer in
the evening than in the morning, longer at higher frequencies, and
longer at distances close to the upper limit.  But with patience, 100
W or more, and a single yagi it can usually be done.  The
following screen shot shows two 15-second reception intervals
containing MSK144 signals from three different stations.

image::MSK144.png[align="center",alt="MSK144"]

Unlike other _WSJT-X_ modes, the MSK144 decoder operates in real time
during the reception sequence.  Decoded messages will appear on your
screen almost as soon as you hear them.

To configure _WSJT-X_ for MSK144 operation:

- Select *MSK144* from the *Mode* menu.

- Select *Fast* from the *Decode* menu.

- Set the audio receiving frequency to *Rx 1500 Hz*.

- Set frequency tolerance to *F Tol 100*.

- Set the *T/R* sequence duration to 15 s.

- To match decoding depth to your computer's capability, click
*Monitor* (if it's not already green) to start a receiving sequence.
Observe the percentage figure displayed on the _Receiving_ label in
the Status Bar:

image::Rx_pct_MSK144.png[align="center",alt="MSK144 Percent CPU"]

- The displayed number (here 17%) indicates the fraction of available
time being used for execution of the MSK144 real-time decoder.  If
this number is well below 100%, you may increase the decoding depth
from *Fast* to *Normal* or *Deep*, and increase *F Tol* from 100 to
200 Hz.

NOTE: Most modern multi-core computers can easily handle the optimum
parameters *Deep* and *F Tol 200*.  Older and slower machines may not
be able to keep up at these settings; at the *Fast* and *Normal*
settings there will be a small loss in decoding capability (relative
to *Deep*) for the weakest pings.

- T/R sequences of 15 seconds or less requires selecting your
transmitted messages very quickly.  Check *Auto Seq* to have the
computer make the necessary decisions automatically, based on the
messages received.

- For operation at 144 MHz or above you may find it helpful to use
short-format *Sh* messages for Tx3, Tx4, and Tx5.  These messages are
20 ms long, compared with 72 ms for full-length MSK144 messages.
Their information content is a 12-bit hash of the two callsigns,
rather than the callsigns themselves, plus a 4-bit numerical report,
acknowledgment (RRR), or sign-off (73).  Only the intended recipient
can decode short-messages.  They will be displayed with the callsigns
enclosed in <> angle brackets, as in the following model QSO

 CQ K1ABC FN42
                    K1ABC W9XYZ EN37
 W9XYZ K1ABC +02
                    <K1ABC W9XYZ> R+03
 <W9XYZ K1ABC> RRR
                    <K1ABC W9XYZ> 73

+

NOTE: There is little or no advantage to using MSK144 *Sh*
messages at 50 or 70 MHz.  At these frequencies, most pings are long
enough to support standard messages -- which have the advantage of
being readable by anyone listening in.

=== Echo Mode

*Echo* mode provides tools for two types of measurements: echoes of
your transmitted signal from the Moon, and broadband noise power
received from the Sun, Moon, and possibly other sources including
nearby ground.  In each case the system noise temperature (noise power
referred to the antenna terminals, expressed in Kelvin degrees) serves
as the reference noise level.  Such measurements are widely used for
optimizing a station's capabilities for Earth-Moon-Earth (EME)
communication.

For lunar echoes, _WSJT_ generates short fixed-frequency transmissions
that alternate with reception intervals at the appropriate
Doppler-shifted frequency.  Be sure that *Enable VHF and submode
features* has been checked on the *Settings | General* tab.  With
*Split Operation* set to *Rig* or *Fake It* on the *Settings | Radio*
tab, check *Doppler tracking* and *Own Echo* on the Astronomical Data
window.  Point your antenna at the Moon and click *Enable Tx* on the
main window to start a sequence of echo measurements.  Each cycle
takes 6 seconds.  If strong enough, echoes will be visible in the
waterfall.  Their average spectrum will be displayed in the Echo Graph
window, and numerical parameters of the measurements appear in the
main window:

image::Echo_1296.png[align="center",alt="Echo 144 MHz"]

At the end of each echo cycle a line of data in the main text window
displays the following information:

 UTC       Time in hhmmss format
 Hour      UTC in hours and decimal fraction
 Level     Relative received noise power (dB)
 Doppler   EME Doppler shift at center of lunar disk
 Width     EME Doppler spread over full lunar disk
 N         Number of accumulated echo or monitor cycles
 Q         Estimated quality of averaged data on a 0 – 10 scale
 DF        Offset of spectral peak from 1500 Hz
 SNR       Average signal-to-noise ratio (dB/2500 Hz)
 dBerr     Estimated uncertainty of SNR

... more to come ...

=== Tips for EME

Until the advent of Q65, digital EME has mostly been done using JT65A
on the 50 MHz band, JT65B on 144 and 432 MHz, and JT65C on 1296 MHz.
On higher microwave bands typical choices have been JT65C, one of the
wider JT4 submodes, or QRA64, depending on the expected amount of
Doppler spread.  We now recommend a suitable submode of Q65 (which has
replaced QRA64) for EME on any VHF or higher band: for example,
Q65-60A on 50 and 144 MHz, Q65-60B on 432 MHz, Q65-60C on 1296 MHz,
and Q65-60D on 10 GHz.

JT4, JT65, and Q65 offer *Message Averaging* -- the summation of
subsequent transmissions that convey the same message -- to enable
decodes at signal-to-noise ratios several dB below the threshold for
single transmissions.  JT4 and JT65 also allow *Deep Search* decoding,
in which the decoder hypothesizes messages containing known or
previously decoded callsigns and tests them for reliability using a
correlation algorithm.  JT65 and Q65 offer _a priori_ (AP)
decoding, which takes advantage of naturally accumulating information
during a QSO.

For CW mode on SHF and microwave EME WSJT-X can be used to do Doppler
shift correction if desired:

- Check the *Settings -> Radio -> Mode -> None* option, this stops _WSJT-X_
  from trying to set the mode of your rig.

- Put you rig into CW mode as normal.

- Before transmitting press *Tune* in _WSJT-X_, no tones will be
  transmitted as the rig is in CW mode, but importantly WSJT-X knows
  your are transmitting and adjusts the Doppler shift correction as
  needed for the currently selected Doppler shift correction mode in
  transmit.

- When you have finish transmitting CW press *Tune* again to revert to
  receive mode and the correct Doppler shift correction for receiving.

NOTE: The above assumes you are already set up for _WSJT-X_
<<VHF_SETUP,Doppler shift correction>> with working CAT control, and
*Monitor* enabled etc..

////
The following tutorial aims to familiarize you with
these program features, all of which are of special interest for EME
and other extreme weak-signal conditions.

As a starting point, configure _WSJT-X_ as follows:

.Settings | General:
- *My Call* =  W9XYZ

- Check these boxes: *Enable VHF/UHF/Microwave features*, *Single
decode*, *Decode after EME delay*

.Settings | Advanced:

- *Random erasure patterns* = 7, *Aggressive decoding level* = 0,
*Two-pass decoding* = _unchecked_, *Waterfall spectra* =  _Most sensitive_

.Main window menus:

- *View* = Message averaging

- *Mode* = JT65

- *Decode:* *Deep* selected, *Enable averaging* checked,
  *Enable deep search* unchecked, *Enable AP* checked

.Main window:

- *F Tol* = 500, *Rx* 1500 *Hz*, *Submode* = B, *Sync* = 0

- *DX Call*, *DX Grid:* both empty

.Wide Graph:

- *Bins/Pixel* = 4, *N Avg* = 10

- Adjust the width of the window so that the frequency range extends
  up to at least 2400 Hz.

If you have not already done so, install the sample files available
for <<DOWNLOAD_SAMPLES,download>>.  Select *File | Open* and navigate
to ...\save\samples\JT65\JT65B\000000_0001.wav.

The waterfall should look something like the snapshot below. A barely
visible vertical trace appears at 1300 Hz.  This is the synchronizing
tone of a simulated JT65B signal with SNR = -26 dB.  

image::EME_Deep_0.png[align="center",alt="EME_Deep_0"]

The decoder recognizes the sync tone of a JT65 signal, but is unable
to decode it, producing only this line in the _Single Period Decodes_
panel:

 0001 -28  2.5 1300 #*

Press *F6* repeatedly, to read subsequent files.  When
five files have been read your display should look like this:

image::EME_Deep_1.png[align="center",alt="EME_Deep_1"]

The message `CQ K1ABC FN42` appears in the _Average Decodes_ panel,
flagged with the <<Decoded_Lines,end-of line label>> `f3`.  The label
means that decoding was accomplished with the Franke-Taylor 
algorithm, using the average of 3 transmissions.

The _Message Averaging_ window now looks like this:

image::EME_Deep_2.png[align="center",alt="EME_Deep_2"]

The `$` symbols mark lines corresponding to transmissions used in the
most recent attempt toward an average decode.

Hit the *F6* key again to read the sixth file.  You should now see the
message `K1ABC G4XYZ IO91` displayed in the _Average Decodes_ panel,
again with the `f3` label.  

Now pretend you are K1ABC (enter `K1ABC` and `FN42` as *My Call* and
*My Grid* on the *Settings | General* tab).  Click *Clear Avg* and
double-click *Erase* to start with a fresh screen.  Open the files
000000_0002.wav and 000000_0004.wav. You should now see the message
`K1ABC G4XYZ IO91` in the _Average Decodes_ panel.  Its end-of-line
flag `a22` indicates that this decode used *My Call* as _a priori_
(AP) information of type 2 (see Table 1 in <<AP_Decoding,AP
Decoding>>), and is based on the average of 2 transmissions.

You might wish to experiment with other combinations of entries for
*My Call*, *DX Call*, and *DX Grid*, and with toggling the various
options of the *Decode* menu on and off.  For best sensitivity, most
users will want to use *Deep* decoding with  *Enable averaging*, 
*Enable deep search*, and *Enable AP* all turned on.

////