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619 lines
23 KiB
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<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
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<title>A testing system for Boost.Build</title>
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<body>
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<p><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img class="banner" height="86" width=
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"277" alt="C++ Boost" src="../../../../boost.png"></a></p>
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<h1>A testing system for Boost.Build<br class="clear">
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</h1>
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<hr>
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<dl class="page-index">
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<dt><a href="#sec-intro">Introduction for users</a></dt>
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<dd>
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<dl class="page-index">
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<dt><a href="#sec-command-line-options">Command line options</a></dt>
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</dl>
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</dd>
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<dt><a href="#sec-developers">Introduction for developers</a></dt>
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<dd>
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<dl class="page-index">
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<dt><a href="#sec-intro-changing">Changing the working
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directory</a></dt>
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<dt><a href="#sec-intro-examining">Examining the working directory and
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changing it</a></dt>
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<dt><a href="#sec-intro-results">Test result</a></dt>
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</dl>
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</dd>
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<dt><a href="#sec-reference">Reference documentation</a></dt>
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<dd>
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<dl class="page-index">
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<dt><a href="#method-__init__">Method __init__</a></dt>
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<dt><a href="#method-set_tree">Method <tt>set_tree</tt></a></dt>
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<dt><a href="#method-write">Method <tt>write</tt></a></dt>
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<dt><a href="#method-copy">Method <tt>copy</tt></a></dt>
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<dt><a href="#method-touch">Method <tt>touch</tt></a></dt>
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<dt><a href="#method-run_build_system">Method
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<tt>run_build_system</tt></a></dt>
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<dt><a href="#method-read">Method <tt>read</tt></a></dt>
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<dt><a href="#method-read_and_strip">Method
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<tt>read_and_strip</tt></a></dt>
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<dt><a href="#methods-expectations">Methods for declaring
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expectations</a></dt>
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<dt><a href="#methods-ignoring">Methods for ignoring
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changes</a></dt>
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<dt><a href="#methods-result">Methods for explicitly specifying
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results</a></dt>
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<dt><a href="#class-list">Helper class <tt>List</tt></a></dt>
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</dl>
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</dd>
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</dl>
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<hr>
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<h2><a name="sec-intro">Introduction for users</a></h2>
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<p>The testing system for Boost.Build is a small set of Python modules and
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scripts for automatically testing user-obversable behaviour. It uses
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components from testing systems of <a href="http://www.scons.org">Scons</a>
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and <a href="http://subversion.tigris.org">Subversion</a>, together with
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some additional functionality.</p>
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<p>To run the tests you need to:</p>
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<ol>
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<li>Get the source tree of Boost.Build (located at <tt>tools/build</tt>
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in Boost)</li>
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<li>Have <a href="http://www.python.org">Python</a> installed. Version
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2.1 is known to work.</li>
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<li>Build Boost.Jam. See <a href=
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"../engine/index.html">$boost_build_root/engine/index.html</a> for
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instructions.</li>
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<li>Configure at least one toolset. You can edit <tt>site-config.jam</tt>
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or <tt>user-config.jam</tt> to add new toolsets. Or you can create file
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<tt>test-config.jam</tt> in <tt>$boost_build_root/test</tt> directory. In
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this case, <tt>site-config.jam</tt> and <tt>user-config.jam</tt> will be
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ignored for testing.</li>
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</ol>
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<p>When all is set, you can run all the tests using the <tt>test_all.py</tt>
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script or you can run a specific test by starting its Python script
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directly.</p>
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<p>Examples:</p>
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<pre class="code">
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python test_all.py
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python generators_test.py
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</pre>
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<p>If everything is OK, you will see a list of passed tests. Otherwise, a
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failure will be reported.</p>
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<h3><a name="sec-command-line-options">Command line options</a></h3>
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<p>Test scripts will use the toolset you configured to be the default or
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you can specify a specific one on the command line:</p>
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<pre class="code">
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python test_all.py borland
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python generators_test.py msvc-7.1
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</pre>
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<p>Other test script flags you can specify on the command line are:</p>
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<ul>
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<li><tt>--default-bjam</tt> -- By default the test system will use the
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Boost Jam executable found built in its default development build
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location. This option makes it use the default one available on your
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system, i.e. the one found in the system path.</li>
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<li><tt>--preserve</tt> -- In case of a failed test its working
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directory will be copied to the "failed_test" directory under the
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current directory.</li>
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<li><tt>--verbose</tt> -- Makes the test system and the run build system
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display additional output. Note though that this may cause tests that
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check the build system output to fail.</li>
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</ul>
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<h2><a name="sec-developers">Introduction for developers</a></h2>
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<p>It is suggested that every new functionality come together with tests,
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and that bugfixes are accompanied by tests. There's no need to say that
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tests are good, but two points are extremely important:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>For an interpreted language like Jam, without any static checks,
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testing is simply the only sefeguard we can have.</li>
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<li>Good tests allow us to change internal design much more safely, and we
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have not gotten everything nailed down yet.</li>
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</ul>
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<p>Adding a new test is simple:</p>
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<ol>
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<li>Go to <tt>$boost_build_root/test/test_all.py</tt> and add new test
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name to the list at the end of the file. Suppose the test name is "hello".
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</li>
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<li>Add a new python module, in this example "hello.py", to do the actual
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testing.</li>
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</ol>
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<p>The module, in general will perform these basic actions:</p>
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<ol>
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<li>Set up the initial working directory state</li>
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<li>
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Run the build system and check the results:
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<ol>
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<li>generated output,</li>
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<li>changes made to the working directory,</li>
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<li>new content of the working directory.</li>
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</ol>
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</li>
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<li>Add, remove or touch files or change their content and then repeat
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the previous step until satisfied.</li>
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<li>Clean up</li>
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</ol>
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<p>The "hello.py" module might contain:</p>
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<pre class="example">
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from BoostBuild import List
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# Create a temporary working directory
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t = BoostBuild.Tester()
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# Create the needed files
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t.write("jamroot.jam", "")
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t.write("jamfile.jam", """
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exe hello : hello.cpp ;
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""")
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t.write("hello.cpp", """
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int main()
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{
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return 0;
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}
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""")
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t.run_build_system()
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# First, create a list of three pathnames.
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file_list = List("bin/$toolset/debug/") * List("hello.exe hello.obj")
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# Second, assert that those files were added as result of the last build system invocation.
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t.expect_addition(file_list)
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# Invoke the build system once again.
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t.run_build_system("clean")
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# Check if the files added previously were removed.
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t.expect_removal(file_list)
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# Remove temporary directories
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t.cleanup()
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</pre>
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<p>The <tt>test</tt> directory contains a file "template.py" which can be
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used as a start for your own tests.</p>
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<p>Overview of the most important methods of class <tt>Tester</tt> follows.
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</p>
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<h3><a name="sec-intro-changing">Changing the working directory</a></h3>
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<p>The class <tt>Tester</tt> creates a temporary directory in its
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constructor and changes to that directory. It can be modified by calling
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these methods:</p>
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<ul>
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<li><tt>set_tree</tt> -- sets the content of the working directory to be
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equal to the content of the specified directory. This method is
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preferrable when directory tree for testing is large.</li>
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<li><tt>write</tt> -- sets the content of file in a working directory.
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This is optimal if you want to create a directory tree with 3-4 small
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files.</li>
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<li><tt>touch</tt> -- changes the modification times of a file</li>
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</ul>
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<h3><a name="sec-intro-examining">Examining the working directory and
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changing it</a></h3>
|
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|
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|
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<p>The method <tt>read</tt>, inherited from the <tt>TestCmd</tt> class, can
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be used to read any file in the working directory and check its content.
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<tt>Tester</tt> adds another method for tracking changes. Whenever the build
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system is run (using <a href="#method-run_build_system"><tt>run_build_system
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</tt></a>), the working dir state before and after running is recorded. In
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addition, difference between the two states -- i.e. lists of files that were
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added, removed, modified or touched -- are stored in two member variables -
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<tt>tree_difference</tt> and <tt>unexpected_difference</tt>.</p>
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|
|
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<p>After than, the test author may specify that some change is expected, for
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example, by calling <tt>expect_addition("foo")</tt>. This call will check if
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the file was indeed added, and if so, will remove its name from the list of
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added files in <tt>unexpected_difference</tt>. Likewise, it is possible to
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specify that some changes are not interesting, for example a call to
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<tt>ignore("*.obj")</tt> will just remove every file with the ".obj"
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extension from <tt>unexpected_difference</tt>.</p>
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|
|
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<p>When test has finished with expectations and ignoring, the member
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<tt>unexpected_difference</tt> will contain the list of all changes not yet
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accounted for. It is possible to assure that this list is empty by calling
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the <tt>expect_nothing_more</tt> member function.</p>
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|
|
|
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|
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<h3><a name="sec-intro-results">Test result</a></h3>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
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<p>Any of the <tt>expect*</tt> methods below will fail the test if the
|
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expectation is not met. It is also possible to perform manually arbitrary
|
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test and explicitly cause the test to either pass or fail. Ordinary
|
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filesystem functions can be used to work with the directory tree. Methods
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<tt>pass_test</tt> and <tt>fail_test</tt> are used to explicitly give the
|
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test outcome.</p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
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<p>Typically, after test termination, the working directory is erased. See
|
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|
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the <a href="#sec-command-line-options">"--preserve" command line option</a>
|
||
|
|
for information on how to preserve the working directory content for failed
|
||
|
|
tests for debugging purposes.</p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<h2 id="sec-reference">Reference documentation</h2>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>The test system is composed of class <tt>Tester</tt>, derived form
|
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|
|
<tt>TestCmd.TestCmd</tt>, and helper class <tt>List</tt>. <tt>Tester</tt>
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and <tt>List</tt> methods are described below.</p>
|
||
|
|
|
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|
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<p>The documentation frequently refers to <tt>filename</tt>. In all cases,
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files are specified in unix style: a sequence of components, separated by
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"/". This is true on all platforms. In some contexts a list of files is
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allowed. In those cases any object with a sequence interface is allowed.</p>
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|
|
|
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<h3><a name="method-__init__">Method <tt>__init__(self, arguments="",
|
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executable="bjam", match=TestCmd.match_exact, boost_build_path=None,
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|
translate_suffixes=True, pass_toolset=True, use_test_config=True,
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|
|
ignore_toolset_requirements=True, workdir="", **keywords)</tt></a></h3>
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||
|
|
|
||
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|
<p><b>Optional arguments:</b></p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<ul>
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||
|
|
<li><tt>arguments</tt>
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||
|
|
-- Arguments passed to the run executable.</li>
|
||
|
|
<li><tt>executable</tt>
|
||
|
|
-- Name of the executable to invoke.</li>
|
||
|
|
<li><tt>match</tt>
|
||
|
|
-- Function to use for compating actual and expected file contents.
|
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|
|
</li>
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||
|
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<li><tt>boost_build_path</tt>
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||
|
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-- Boost build path to be passed to the run executable.</li>
|
||
|
|
<li><tt>translate_suffixes</tt>
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||
|
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-- Whether to update suffixes on the the file names passed from the
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|
|
test script so they match those actually created by the current
|
||
|
|
toolset. For example, static library files are specified by using
|
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|
|
the .lib suffix but when the 'gcc' toolset is used it actually
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|
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creates them using the .a suffix.</li>
|
||
|
|
<li><tt>pass_toolset</tt>
|
||
|
|
-- Whether the test system should pass the specified toolset to the
|
||
|
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run executable.</li>
|
||
|
|
<li><tt>use_test_config</tt>
|
||
|
|
-- Whether the test system should tell the run executable to read in
|
||
|
|
the test_config.jam configuration file.</li>
|
||
|
|
<li><tt>ignore_toolset_requirements</tt>
|
||
|
|
-- Whether the test system should tell the run executable to ignore
|
||
|
|
toolset requirements.</li>
|
||
|
|
<li><tt>workdir</tt>
|
||
|
|
-- Indicates an absolute directory where the test will be run from.
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
</ul>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><b>Optional arguments inherited from the base class:</b></p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<ul>
|
||
|
|
<li><tt>description</tt>
|
||
|
|
-- Test description string displayed in case of a failed test.</li>
|
||
|
|
<li><tt>subdir</tt>
|
||
|
|
-- List of subdirectories to automatically create under the working
|
||
|
|
directory. Each subdirectory needs to be specified separately
|
||
|
|
parent coming before its child.</li>
|
||
|
|
<li><tt>verbose</tt>
|
||
|
|
-- Flag that may be used to enable more verbose test system output.
|
||
|
|
Note that it does not also enable more verbose build system output
|
||
|
|
like the <a href="#sec-command-line-options">"--verbose" command
|
||
|
|
line option</a> does.</li>
|
||
|
|
</ul>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><b>Effects:</b></p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<ol>
|
||
|
|
<li>Remembers the current working directory in member
|
||
|
|
<tt>original_workdir</tt>.</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li>Determines the location of the executable (<code>bjam</code> by
|
||
|
|
default) and build system files, assuming that the current directory is
|
||
|
|
<tt>tools/build/test</tt>. Formulates jam invocation command, which
|
||
|
|
will include explicit setting for the <tt>BOOST_BUILD_PATH</tt> variable
|
||
|
|
and arguments passed to this methods, if any. This command will be used
|
||
|
|
by subsequent invocation of <a href="#method-run_build_system"><tt>
|
||
|
|
run_build_system</tt></a>. Finally, initializes the base class.</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li>Changes the current working directory to the temporary working
|
||
|
|
directory created by the base constructor.</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li>If you want to run a test in an existing directory, pass it as
|
||
|
|
<tt>workdir</tt>.</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li> Most parameters passed to this constructor function may be overruled
|
||
|
|
for each specific test system run using <a href=
|
||
|
|
"#method-run_build_system"><tt>run_build_system</tt></a> parameters.
|
||
|
|
</ol>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<h3><a name="method-set_tree">Method <tt>set_tree(self,
|
||
|
|
tree_location)</tt></a></h3>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><b>Effects:</b></p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>Replaces the content of the current working directory with the content
|
||
|
|
of directory at <tt>tree_location</tt>. If <tt>tree_location</tt> is not
|
||
|
|
absolute pathname, it will be treated as relative to
|
||
|
|
<tt>self.original_workdir</tt>. This methods also explicitly makes the
|
||
|
|
copied files writeable.</p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<h3><a name="method-write">Method <tt>write(self, name,
|
||
|
|
content)</tt></a></h3>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><b>Effects:</b></p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>Writes the specified content to the file given by <tt>name</tt> under
|
||
|
|
the temporary working directory. If the file already exists, it is
|
||
|
|
overwritten. Any required directories are automatically created.</p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<h3><a name="method-copy">Method <tt>copy(self, src, dst)</tt></a></h3>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><b>Effects:</b></p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>Equvivalent to <tt>self.write(self.read(src), dst)</tt>.</p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<h3><a name="method-touch">Method <tt>touch(self, names)</tt></a></h3>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><b>Effects:</b></p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>Sets the access and modification times for all files in <tt>names</tt> to
|
||
|
|
the current time. All the elements in <tt>names</tt> should be relative
|
||
|
|
paths.</p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<h3><a name="method-run_build_system">Method <tt>run_build_system(self,
|
||
|
|
extra_args="", subdir="", stdout=None, stderr="", status=0, match=None,
|
||
|
|
pass_toolset=None, use_test_config=None, ignore_toolset_requirements=None,
|
||
|
|
expected_duration=None, **kw)</tt></a></h3>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><b>Effects:</b></p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<ol>
|
||
|
|
<li>Stores the state of the working directory in
|
||
|
|
<tt>self.previous_tree</tt>.</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li>Changes to <tt>subdir</tt>, if it is specified. It is relative to
|
||
|
|
the <tt>original_workdir</tt> or the workdir specified in
|
||
|
|
<tt>__init</tt>.</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li>Invokes the <tt>bjam</tt> executable, passing <tt>extra_args</tt>
|
||
|
|
to it. The binary should be located under
|
||
|
|
<tt><test_invocation_dir>/../jam/src/bin.<platform></tt>.
|
||
|
|
This is to make sure tests use the version of jam build from CVS.</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li>Compares the stdout, stderr and exit status of build system
|
||
|
|
invocation with values to appropriate parameters, if they are not
|
||
|
|
<tt>None</tt>. If any difference is found, the test fails.</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li>If the <tt>expected_duration</tt> parameter is specified then it
|
||
|
|
represents the maximal allowed time in seconds for the test to run. The
|
||
|
|
test will be marked as failed if its duration is greater than the given
|
||
|
|
<tt>expected_duration</tt> parameter value.</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li>Stores the new state of the working directory in <tt>self.tree</tt>.
|
||
|
|
Computes the difference between previous and current trees and stores them
|
||
|
|
in variables <tt>self.tree_difference</tt> and
|
||
|
|
<tt>self.unexpected_difference</tt>. Both variables are instances of class
|
||
|
|
<tt>tree.Trees_different</tt>, which have four attributes:
|
||
|
|
<tt>added_files</tt>, <tt>removed_files</tt>, <tt>modified_files</tt> and
|
||
|
|
<tt>touched_files</tt>. Each is a list of strings.</p></li>
|
||
|
|
</ol>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<h3><a name="method-read">Method <tt>read(self, name)</tt></a></h3>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><b>Effects:</b></p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>Read the specified file and returns it content. Raises an exception is
|
||
|
|
the file is absent.</p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<h3><a name="method-read_and_strip">Method <tt>read_and_strip(self, name)
|
||
|
|
</tt></a></h3>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><b>Effects:</b></p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>Read the specified file and returns it content, after removing trailing
|
||
|
|
whitespace from every line. Raises an exception is the file is absent.</p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><b>Rationale:</b></p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>Althought this method is questionable, there are a lot of cases when jam
|
||
|
|
or shells it uses insert spaces. It seems that introducing this method is
|
||
|
|
much simpler than dealing with all those cases.</p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<h3><a name="methods-expectations">Methods for declaring expectations</a>
|
||
|
|
</h3>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>Accordingly to the number of changes kinds that are detected, there are
|
||
|
|
four methods that specify that test author expects a specific change to
|
||
|
|
occur. They check <tt>self.unexpected_difference</tt>, and if the change is
|
||
|
|
present there, it is removed. Otherwise, test fails.</p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>Each method accepts a list of names. Those names use <tt>/</tt> path
|
||
|
|
separator on all systems. Additionaly, the test system translates suffixes
|
||
|
|
appropriately. For the test to be portable, suffixes should use Windows
|
||
|
|
convention: <tt>exe</tt> for executables, <tt>dll</tt> for dynamic libraries
|
||
|
|
and <tt>lib</tt> for static libraries. Lastly, the string "$toolset" in file
|
||
|
|
names is replaced by the name of tested toolset.</p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><b>Note:</b> The <tt>List</tt> helper class might be useful to create
|
||
|
|
lists of names.</p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><b>Note:</b> The file content can be examined using the
|
||
|
|
<tt>TestCmd.read</tt> function.</p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>The members are:</p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<ul>
|
||
|
|
<li>expect_addition</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>expect_removal</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>expect_modification</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>expect_nothing</li>
|
||
|
|
</ul>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>Note that <tt>expect_modification</tt> is used to check that a either
|
||
|
|
file content or timestamp has changed. The rationale is that some compilers
|
||
|
|
change content even if sources does not change, and it's easier to have a
|
||
|
|
method which checks for both content and time changes.</p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>There's also a member <tt>expect_nothing_more</tt>, which checks that all
|
||
|
|
the changes are either expected or ignored, in other words that
|
||
|
|
<tt>unexpected_difference</tt> is empty by now.</p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>Lastly, there's a method to compare file content with expected content:
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<tt>expect_content(self, name, content, exact=0)</tt>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>The method fails the test if the content of file identified by 'name' is
|
||
|
|
different from 'content'. If 'exact' is true, the file content is used
|
||
|
|
as-is, otherwise, two transformations are applied:</p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<ul>
|
||
|
|
<li>The <tt>read_and_strip</tt> method is used to read the file, which
|
||
|
|
removes trailing whitespace</li>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<li>Each backslash in the file content is converted to forward slash.</li>
|
||
|
|
</ul>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<h3><a name="methods-ignoring">Methods for ignoring changes</a></h3>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>There are five methods which ignore changes made to the working tree.
|
||
|
|
They silently remove elements from <tt>self.unexpected_difference</tt>, and
|
||
|
|
don't generate error if element is not found. They accept shell style
|
||
|
|
wildcard.</p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>The following methods correspond to four kinds of changes:</p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<ul>
|
||
|
|
<li>ignore_addition(self, wildcard)</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>ignore_removal(self, wildcard)</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>ignore_modification(self, wildcard)</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>ignore_touch(self, wilcard)</li>
|
||
|
|
</ul>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>The method <tt>ignore(self, wildcard)</tt> ignores all the changes made
|
||
|
|
to files that match a wildcard.</p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<h3><a name="methods-result">Methods for explicitly specifying results</a>
|
||
|
|
</h3>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<h4>Method <tt>pass_test(self, condition=1)</tt></h4>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<div class="attention">
|
||
|
|
At this moment, the method should not be used.
|
||
|
|
</div>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<h4>Method <tt>fail_test(self, condition=1)</tt></h4>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><b>Effects:</b> Cause the test to fail if <tt>condition</tt> is true.</p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<h3><a name="class-list">Helper class <tt>List</tt></a></h3>
|
||
|
|
The class has sequence interface and two additional methods.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<h4>Method <tt>__init__(self, string)</tt></h4>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><b>Effects:</b> Splits the string on unescaped spaces and tabs. The split
|
||
|
|
components can further be retrieved using standard sequence access.</p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<h4>Method <tt>__mul__(self, other)</tt></h4>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><b>Effects:</b> Returns an <tt>List</tt> instance, which elements are all
|
||
|
|
possible concatenations of two string, first of which is from <tt>self</tt>,
|
||
|
|
and second of which is from <tt>other</tt>.</p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>The class also defines <tt>__str__</tt> and <tt>__repr__</tt> methods.
|
||
|
|
Finally, there's <tt>__coerce__</tt> method which allows to convert strings
|
||
|
|
to instances of <tt>List</tt>.</p>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p><b>Example:</b></p>
|
||
|
|
<pre>
|
||
|
|
l = "a b" * List("c d")
|
||
|
|
for e in l:
|
||
|
|
print e
|
||
|
|
</pre>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>will output:</p>
|
||
|
|
<pre>
|
||
|
|
ac
|
||
|
|
ad
|
||
|
|
bc
|
||
|
|
bd
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</pre>
|
||
|
|
<hr>
|
||
|
|
<p class="revision">Last modified: May 02, 2008</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>© Copyright Vladimir Prus 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005.<br>
|
||
|
|
© Copyright Jurko Gospodnetic 2008.<br>
|
||
|
|
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
|
||
|
|
(See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)</p>
|
||
|
|
</body>
|
||
|
|
</html>
|