From 5c126f0a5421a02bb5904a32ead646fbdbc0afee Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Steven Franke Date: Tue, 1 Dec 2015 02:48:48 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] Add Psuccess figure to the document and commit gnuplot script and data files that produced it. git-svn-id: svn+ssh://svn.code.sf.net/p/wsjt/wsjt/branches/wsjtx@6207 ab8295b8-cf94-4d9e-aec4-7959e3be5d79 --- lib/sfrsd2/sfrsd_paper/bmdata.dat | 8 + lib/sfrsd2/sfrsd_paper/fig_psuccess.gnuplot | 16 + lib/sfrsd2/sfrsd_paper/fig_psuccess.pdf | Bin 0 -> 23174 bytes lib/sfrsd2/sfrsd_paper/ftdata.dat | 10 + lib/sfrsd2/sfrsd_paper/sfrsd.lyx | 1949 ++++++++++--------- 5 files changed, 1027 insertions(+), 956 deletions(-) create mode 100644 lib/sfrsd2/sfrsd_paper/bmdata.dat create mode 100644 lib/sfrsd2/sfrsd_paper/fig_psuccess.gnuplot create mode 100644 lib/sfrsd2/sfrsd_paper/fig_psuccess.pdf create mode 100644 lib/sfrsd2/sfrsd_paper/ftdata.dat diff --git a/lib/sfrsd2/sfrsd_paper/bmdata.dat b/lib/sfrsd2/sfrsd_paper/bmdata.dat new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5ea0fd452 --- /dev/null +++ b/lib/sfrsd2/sfrsd_paper/bmdata.dat @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +-24.5 0.000 +-24.0 0.006 +-23.5 0.046 +-23.0 0.250 +-22.5 0.631 +-22.0 0.900 +-21.5 0.992 +-21.0 1.000 diff --git a/lib/sfrsd2/sfrsd_paper/fig_psuccess.gnuplot b/lib/sfrsd2/sfrsd_paper/fig_psuccess.gnuplot new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1fc341690 --- /dev/null +++ b/lib/sfrsd2/sfrsd_paper/fig_psuccess.gnuplot @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +# gnuplot script for "Percent copy" figure +# run: gnuplot fig_psuccess.gnuplot +# then: pdflatex fig_psuccess.tex +# +set term epslatex standalone size 12cm,8cm +set output "fig_psuccess.tex" +set xlabel "SNR in 2500 Hz BW (dB)" +set ylabel "Percent copy" +set style func linespoints +set key on top outside nobox +set tics in +set mxtics 2 +set mytics 2 +set grid +plot "ftdata.dat" using 1:2 with linespoints pt 5 title 'FT', \ + "bmdata.dat" using 1:2 with linespoints pt 7 title 'BM' diff --git a/lib/sfrsd2/sfrsd_paper/fig_psuccess.pdf 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times the symbol error probability. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -The FT algorithm tries successively to decode the received word using independen -t -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -educated guesses -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - to select symbols for erasure. - For each iteration a stochastic erasure vector is generated based on the - symbol erasure probabilities. - The erasure vector is sent to the BM decoder along with the full set of - 63 received symbols. - When the BM decoder finds a candidate codeword it is assigned a quality - metric -\begin_inset Formula $d_{s}$ -\end_inset - - defined as the soft distance between the received word and the codeword, - where -\begin_inset Formula -\begin{equation} -d_{s}=\sum_{i=1}^{n}\alpha_{i}\,(1+p_{1,i}).\label{eq:soft_distance} -\end{equation} - -\end_inset - -Here -\begin_inset Formula $\alpha_{i}=0$ -\end_inset - - if received symbol -\begin_inset Formula $i$ -\end_inset - - is the same as the corresponding symbol in the codeword, -\begin_inset Formula $\alpha_{i}=1$ -\end_inset - - if the received symbol and codeword symbol are different, and -\begin_inset Formula $p_{1,i}$ -\end_inset - - is the fractional power associated with received symbol -\begin_inset Formula $i$ -\end_inset - -. - Think of the soft distance as made up of two terms: the first is the Hamming - distance between the received word and the codeword, and the second ensures - that if two candidate codewords have the same Hamming distance from the - received word, a smaller soft distance will be assigned to the one where - differences occur in symbols of lower estimated reliability. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Technically the FT algorithm is a list decoder, potentially generating a - list of candidate codewords. - Among the list of candidate codewords found by the stochastic search algorithm, - only the one with the smallest soft distance from the received word is - retained. - As with all such algorithms, a stopping criterion is necessary. - FT accepts a codeword unconditionally if its soft distance is smaller than - an empirically determined acceptance threshold, -\begin_inset Formula $d_{a}$ -\end_inset - -. - A timeout is used to limit the algorithm's execution time if no codewords - within soft distance -\begin_inset Formula $d_{a}$ -\end_inset - - of the received word are found in a reasonable number of trials. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Paragraph -Algorithm pseudo-code: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate -For each received symbol, define the erasure probability as 1.3 times the - -\emph on -a priori -\emph default - symbol-error probability determined from soft-symbol information -\begin_inset Formula $\{p_{1}\textrm{-rank},\,p_{2}/p_{1}\}$ -\end_inset - -. - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate -Make independent stochastic decisions about whether to erase each symbol - by using the symbol's erasure probability, allowing a maximum of 51 erasures. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate -Attempt errors-and-erasures decoding by using the BM algorithm and the set - of eraseures determined in step 2. - If the BM decoder is successful go to step 5. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate -If decoding is not successful, go to step 2. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate -Calculate the soft distance -\begin_inset Formula $d_{s}$ -\end_inset - - between the candidate codeword and the received symbols. - Set -\begin_inset Formula $d_{s,min}=d_{s}$ -\end_inset - - if the soft distance is the smallest one encountered so far. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate -If -\begin_inset Formula $d_{s,min}\le d_{a}$ -\end_inset - -, go to 8. - -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate -If the number of trials is less than the maximum allowed number, go to 2. - Otherwise, declare decoding failure and exit. -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Enumerate -A -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -best -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - codeword with -\begin_inset Formula $d_{s,min}\le d_{a}$ -\end_inset - - has been found. - Declare a successful decode and return this codeword . -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Results and Comparison with KVASD -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Standard -Possible figures: -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -histogram of -\begin_inset Formula $s$ -\end_inset - - (number of erasures) for succeffsul decodes with HF and EME data -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -histogram of -\begin_inset Quotes eld -\end_inset - -ntrials -\begin_inset Quotes erd -\end_inset - - (or execution time) -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -Number of decodes vs. - ntrials -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -Probability of successful decode vs. - Es/No or S/N in 2500 Hz BW -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Itemize -other... - ? -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Section -Summary -\end_layout - -\begin_layout Bibliography -\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem -LatexCommand bibitem -key "key-1" - -\end_inset - - -\end_layout - -\end_body -\end_document +#LyX 2.1 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ +\lyxformat 474 +\begin_document +\begin_header +\textclass paper +\use_default_options true +\maintain_unincluded_children false +\language english +\language_package default +\inputencoding auto +\fontencoding global +\font_roman default +\font_sans default +\font_typewriter default +\font_math auto +\font_default_family default +\use_non_tex_fonts false +\font_sc false +\font_osf false +\font_sf_scale 100 +\font_tt_scale 100 +\graphics default +\default_output_format default +\output_sync 0 +\bibtex_command default +\index_command default +\paperfontsize 12 +\spacing onehalf +\use_hyperref false +\papersize default +\use_geometry true +\use_package amsmath 1 +\use_package amssymb 1 +\use_package cancel 1 +\use_package esint 1 +\use_package mathdots 1 +\use_package mathtools 1 +\use_package mhchem 1 +\use_package stackrel 1 +\use_package stmaryrd 1 +\use_package undertilde 1 +\cite_engine basic +\cite_engine_type default +\biblio_style plain +\use_bibtopic false +\use_indices false +\paperorientation portrait +\suppress_date false +\justification true +\use_refstyle 1 +\index Index +\shortcut idx +\color #008000 +\end_index +\leftmargin 1in +\topmargin 1in +\rightmargin 1in +\bottommargin 1in +\secnumdepth 3 +\tocdepth 3 +\paragraph_separation indent +\paragraph_indentation default +\quotes_language english +\papercolumns 1 +\papersides 1 +\paperpagestyle default +\tracking_changes false +\output_changes false +\html_math_output 0 +\html_css_as_file 0 +\html_be_strict false +\end_header + +\begin_body + +\begin_layout Title +A stochastic successive erasures soft-decision decoder for the JT65 (63,12) + Reed-Solomon code +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Author +Steven J. + Franke, K9AN and Joseph H. + Taylor, K1JT +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Abstract +The JT65 mode has revolutionized amateur-radio weak-signal communication + by enabling amateur radio operators with small antennas and relatively + low-power transmitters to communicate over propagation paths not usable + with traditional technologies. + A major reason for the success and popularity of JT65 is its use of a strong + error-correction code: a short block-length, low-rate Reed-Solomon code + based on a 64-symbol alphabet. + Since 2004, most JT65 decoders have used the patented Koetter-Vardy (KV) + algebraic soft-decision decoder, licensed to K1JT and implemented in a + closed-source program for use in amateur radio applications. + We describe here a new open-source alternative called the FT algotithm. + It is conceptually simple, built around the well-known Berlekamp-Massey + errors-and-erasures algorithm, and performs at least as well as the KV + decoder. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Introduction +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +JT65 message frames consist of a short compressed message encoded for transmissi +on with a Reed-Solomon code. + Reed-Solomon codes are block codes characterized by +\begin_inset Formula $n$ +\end_inset + +, the length of their codewords, +\begin_inset Formula $k$ +\end_inset + +, the number of message symbols conveyed by the codeword, and the number + of possible values for each symbol in the codewords. + The codeword length and the number of message symbols are specified using + the notation +\begin_inset Formula $(n,k)$ +\end_inset + +. + JT65 uses a (63,12) Reed-Solomon code with 64 possible values for each + symbol. + Each of the 12 message symbols represents +\begin_inset Formula $\log_{2}64=6$ +\end_inset + + message bits. + The source-encoded messages conveyed by a 63-symbol JT65 frame thus consist + of 72 bits. + The JT65 code is systematic, which means that the 12 message symbols are + embedded in the codeword without modification and another 51 parity symbols + derived from the message symbols are added to form a codeword of 63 symbols. + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The concept of Hamming distance is used as a measure of +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +distance +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + between different codewords, or between a received word and a codeword. + Hamming distance is the number of code symbols that differ in the two words + being compared. + Reed-Solomon codes have minimum Hamming distance +\begin_inset Formula $d$ +\end_inset + +, where +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{equation} +d=n-k+1.\label{eq:minimum_distance} +\end{equation} + +\end_inset + +The minimum Hamming distance of the JT65 code is +\begin_inset Formula $d=52$ +\end_inset + +, which means that any particular codeword differs from all other codewords + in at least 52 symbol positions. + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Given a received word containing some incorrect symbols (errors), the received + word can be decoded into the correct codeword using a deterministic, algebraic + algorithm provided that no more than +\begin_inset Formula $t$ +\end_inset + + symbols were received incorrectly, where +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{equation} +t=\left\lfloor \frac{n-k}{2}\right\rfloor .\label{eq:t} +\end{equation} + +\end_inset + +For the JT65 code, +\begin_inset Formula $t=25$ +\end_inset + +, so it is always possible to efficiently decode a received word having + no more than 25 symbol errors. + Any one of several well-known algebraic algorithms, such as the widely + used Berlekamp-Massey (BM) algorithm, can carry out the decoding. + Two steps are ncessarily involved in this process, namely +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +Determine which symbols were received incorrectly. + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +Find the correct value of the incorrect symbols. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +If we somehow know that certain symbols are incorrect, this information + can be used to reduce the work involved in step 1 and allow step 2 to correct + more than +\begin_inset Formula $t$ +\end_inset + + errors. + In the unlikely event that the location of every error is known and if + no correct symbols are accidentally labeled as errors, the BM algorithm + can correct up to +\begin_inset Formula $d$ +\end_inset + + errors. + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The FT algorithm creates lists of symbols suspected of being incorrect and + sends them to the BM decoder. + Symbols flagged in this way are called +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +erasures, +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + while other incorrect symbols will be called +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +errors. +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + As already noted, with perfect erasure information up to 51 errors can + be corrected. + Imperfect erasure information means that some erased symbols may be correct, + and some other symbols in error. + If +\begin_inset Formula $s$ +\end_inset + + symbols are erased and the remaining (unerased) symbols contain +\begin_inset Formula $e$ +\end_inset + + errors, the BM algorithm can find the correct codeword as long as +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{equation} +s+2e\le d-1.\label{eq:erasures_and_errors} +\end{equation} + +\end_inset + +If +\begin_inset Formula $s=0$ +\end_inset + +, the decoder is said to be an +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +errors-only +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + decoder. + If +\begin_inset Formula $0X$ +\end_inset + +. + Correspondingly, the FT algorithm works best when the probability of erasing + a symbol is somewhat larger than the probability that the symbol is incorrect. + We found empirically that good decoding performance is obtained when the + symbol erasure probability is about 1.3 times the symbol error probability. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +The FT algorithm tries successively to decode the received word using independen +t +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +educated guesses +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + to select symbols for erasure. + For each iteration a stochastic erasure vector is generated based on the + symbol erasure probabilities. + The erasure vector is sent to the BM decoder along with the full set of + 63 received symbols. + When the BM decoder finds a candidate codeword it is assigned a quality + metric +\begin_inset Formula $d_{s}$ +\end_inset + + defined as the soft distance between the received word and the codeword, + where +\begin_inset Formula +\begin{equation} +d_{s}=\sum_{i=1}^{n}\alpha_{i}\,(1+p_{1,i}).\label{eq:soft_distance} +\end{equation} + +\end_inset + +Here +\begin_inset Formula $\alpha_{i}=0$ +\end_inset + + if received symbol +\begin_inset Formula $i$ +\end_inset + + is the same as the corresponding symbol in the codeword, +\begin_inset Formula $\alpha_{i}=1$ +\end_inset + + if the received symbol and codeword symbol are different, and +\begin_inset Formula $p_{1,i}$ +\end_inset + + is the fractional power associated with received symbol +\begin_inset Formula $i$ +\end_inset + +. + Think of the soft distance as made up of two terms: the first is the Hamming + distance between the received word and the codeword, and the second ensures + that if two candidate codewords have the same Hamming distance from the + received word, a smaller soft distance will be assigned to the one where + differences occur in symbols of lower estimated reliability. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Technically the FT algorithm is a list decoder, potentially generating a + list of candidate codewords. + Among the list of candidate codewords found by the stochastic search algorithm, + only the one with the smallest soft distance from the received word is + retained. + As with all such algorithms, a stopping criterion is necessary. + FT accepts a codeword unconditionally if its soft distance is smaller than + an empirically determined acceptance threshold, +\begin_inset Formula $d_{a}$ +\end_inset + +. + A timeout is used to limit the algorithm's execution time if no codewords + within soft distance +\begin_inset Formula $d_{a}$ +\end_inset + + of the received word are found in a reasonable number of trials. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Paragraph +Algorithm pseudo-code: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +For each received symbol, define the erasure probability as 1.3 times the + +\emph on +a priori +\emph default + symbol-error probability determined from soft-symbol information +\begin_inset Formula $\{p_{1}\textrm{-rank},\, p_{2}/p_{1}\}$ +\end_inset + +. + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +Make independent stochastic decisions about whether to erase each symbol + by using the symbol's erasure probability, allowing a maximum of 51 erasures. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +Attempt errors-and-erasures decoding by using the BM algorithm and the set + of eraseures determined in step 2. + If the BM decoder is successful go to step 5. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +If decoding is not successful, go to step 2. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +Calculate the soft distance +\begin_inset Formula $d_{s}$ +\end_inset + + between the candidate codeword and the received symbols. + Set +\begin_inset Formula $d_{s,min}=d_{s}$ +\end_inset + + if the soft distance is the smallest one encountered so far. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +If +\begin_inset Formula $d_{s,min}\le d_{a}$ +\end_inset + +, go to 8. + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +If the number of trials is less than the maximum allowed number, go to 2. + Otherwise, declare decoding failure and exit. +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Enumerate +A +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +best +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + codeword with +\begin_inset Formula $d_{s,min}\le d_{a}$ +\end_inset + + has been found. + Declare a successful decode and return this codeword . +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Results and Comparison with KVASD +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Standard +Possible figures: +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +histogram of +\begin_inset Formula $s$ +\end_inset + + (number of erasures) for succeffsul decodes with HF and EME data +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +histogram of +\begin_inset Quotes eld +\end_inset + +ntrials +\begin_inset Quotes erd +\end_inset + + (or execution time) +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +Number of decodes vs. + ntrials +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +Probability of successful decode vs. + Es/No or S/N in 2500 Hz BW +\begin_inset Float figure +wide false +sideways false +status open + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\align center +\begin_inset Graphics + filename fig_psuccess.pdf + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +\begin_inset Caption Standard + +\begin_layout Plain Layout +Percentage of JT65 messages successfully decoded as a function of SNR in + 2.5 kHz bandwidth. + Results are shown for the hard-decision Berlekamp-Massey (BM) and the Franke-Ta +ylor (FT) decoding algorithms. +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Plain Layout + +\end_layout + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Itemize +other... + ? +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Section +Summary +\end_layout + +\begin_layout Bibliography +\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem +LatexCommand bibitem +key "key-1" + +\end_inset + + +\end_layout + +\end_body +\end_document