// Status=review === Standard Exchange By longstanding tradition, a minimal valid QSO requires the exchange of callsigns, a signal report or some other information, and acknowledgments. _WSJT-X_ is designed to facilitate making such minimal QSOs using short, structured messages. The process works best if you use these formats and follow standard operating practices. The recommended basic QSO goes something like this: [width="90%",cols="3,7,12",options="header"] |======================================= |UTC|Transmitted Message|Comment |0001|CQ K1ABC FN42|K1ABC calls CQ |0002|K1ABC G0XYZ IO91|G0XYZ answers |0003|G0XYZ K1ABC –19|K1ABC sends report |0004|K1ABC G0XYZ R–22|G0XYZ sends acknowledgment and report |0005|G0XYZ K1ABC RRR|K1ABC sends acknowledgment |0006|K1ABC G0XYZ 73|G0XYZ sends 73 |======================================= *Standard messages* consist of two callsigns (or CQ, QRZ, or DE and one callsign) followed by the transmitting station’s grid locator, a signal report, R plus a signal report, or the final acknowledgements RRR or 73. These messages are compressed and encoded in a highly efficient and reliable way, and in uncompressed form may contain as many as 18 characters. *Signal reports* are specified as signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) in dB, using a standard reference noise bandwidth of 2500 Hz. Thus, in example message #0003 above, K1ABC is telling G0XYZ that his signal is 19 dB below the noise power in bandwidth 2500 Hz. In message #0004, G0XYZ acknowledges receipt of that report and responds with a –22 dB signal report. JT65 reports are constrained to lie in the range –30 to –1 dB, while JT9 supports the extended range –50 to +49 dB. TIP: Signals become visible on the waterfall around S/N = –26 dB and audible (to someone with very good hearing) around –15 dB. Thresholds for signal decodability are approximately –24 dB for JT65, –26 dB for JT9. *Free Text Messages*: Users often add some friendly chit-chat at the end of a QSO. Free-format messages such as ``TNX ROBERT 73'' or ``5W VERT 73 GL'' are supported, up to a maximum of 13 characters (including spaces). It should be obvious that the JT9 and JT65 protocols are not well suited for extensive conversations or rag-chewing. === Compound Callsigns Compound callsigns such as xx/K1ABC or K1ABC/x are handled in one of two possible ways. .Type 1 Compound-Callsign Messages A list of about 350 of the most common prefixes and suffixes can be displayed from the *Help* menu. A single compound callsign involving one item from this list can be used in place of the standard third message word (normally a locator, signal report, RRR, or 73). Thus, the following examples are all acceptable *Type 1* messages with compound callsigns: CQ ZA/K1ABC CQ K1ABC/4 ZA/K1ABC G0XYZ G0XYZ K1ABC/4 The following messages are _not_ valid, because a third word is not permitted in a *Type 1* message: ZA/K1ABC G0XYZ -22 #These messages will be sent G0XYZ K1ABC/4 73 #without the third "word" A QSO between two stations using *Type 1* compound-callsign messages might look like this: CQ ZA/K1ABC ZA/K1ABC G0XYZ G0XYZ K1ABC –19 K1ABC G0XYZ R–22 G0XYZ K1ABC RRR K1ABC G0XYZ 73 Notice that both operators send and receive the full compound callsign in the first two transmissions. After that, they omit the add-on prefix or suffix and use the standard structured messages. .Type 2 Compound-Callsign Messages Prefixes and suffixes _not_ found in the short displayable list can be handled with a *Type 2* message. The compound callsign must be the second word in a two- or three-word message, and the first word must be CQ, DE, or QRZ. Prefixes can be 1 to 4 characters, suffixes 1 to 3 characters. A third word conveying a locator, report, RRR, or 73 is permitted. The following are valid *Type 2* messages with compound callsigns: CQ W4/G0XYZ FM07 DE W4/G0XYZ -22 QRZ K1ABC/VE6 DO33 In each case, the message is treated as *Type 2* because the add-on prefix or suffix is _not_ one of those in the fixed list. Note that a second callsign is never permissible in these messages. TIP: Remember that during a transmission your transmitted message is always displayed in the first label on the *Status Bar*, highlighted in yellow. It is displayed there exactly as another station would receive it. A QSO between two stations using *Type 2* compound-callsign messages might look like this: CQ KP4/K1ABC FK68 DE G0XYZ/P IO91 G0XYZ K1ABC –19 K1ABC G0XYZ R–22 G0XYZ K1ABC RRR DE G0XYZ/P 73 Each operator sends his own compound callsign in the first (and perhaps also last) transmission, as may be required by licensing authorities. Subsequent transmissions may use the standard structured messages without callsign prefix or suffix. === Pre-QSO Checklist Before attempting your first QSO with JT9 or JT65, be sure to go through the <> above, as well as the following checklist: - Your callsign and grid locator set to correct values - PTT and CAT control (if used) properly configured and tested - Computer clock properly synchronized to UTC within ±1 s - Radio set to *USB* (upper sideband) mode - Radio's Split mode selected or not, consistent with your choice on *Station* tab of the *Setup | Configuration* window. IMPORTANT: Remember that JT9 and J65 generally do not require high power. Under most propagation conditions, QRP is the norm.