// Status=review === Standard Exchange By longstanding tradition, a minimally valid QSO requires the exchange of callsigns, a signal report or some other information, and acknowledgments. _WSJT-X_ is designed to facilitate making such minimal QSOs using short, structured messages. The process works best if you use these formats and follow standard operating practices. The recommended basic QSO goes something like this: [width="90%",cols="3,7,12",options="header"] |======================================= |UTC|Transmitted Message|Comment |0001|CQ K1ABC FN42|K1ABC calls CQ |0002|K1ABC G0XYZ IO91|G0XYZ answers |0003|G0XYZ K1ABC –19|K1ABC sends report |0004|K1ABC G0XYZ R–22|G0XYZ sends acknowledgment and report |0005|G0XYZ K1ABC RRR|K1ABC sends acknowledgment |0006|K1ABC G0XYZ 73|G0XYZ sends 73 |======================================= *Standard messages* consist of two callsigns (or CQ, QRZ, or DE and one callsign) followed by the transmitting station’s grid locator, a signal report, R plus a signal report, or the final acknowledgements RRR or 73. These messages are compressed and encoded in a highly efficient and reliable way. In uncompressed form (as displayed on-screen) they may contain as many as 22 characters. *Signal reports* are specified as signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) in dB, using a standard reference noise bandwidth of 2500 Hz. Thus, in example message at UTC 0003 above, K1ABC is telling G0XYZ that his signal is 19 dB below the noise power in bandwidth 2500 Hz. In the message at 0004, G0XYZ acknowledges receipt of that report and responds with a –22 dB signal report. JT65 reports are constrained to lie in the range –30 to –1 dB, and values are significantly compressed above about -10 dB. JT9 supports the extended range –50 to +49 dB and assigns more reliable numbers to relatively strong signals. TIP: Signals become visible on the waterfall around S/N = –26 dB and audible (to someone with very good hearing) around –15 dB. Thresholds for decodability are around –24 dB for JT65, –26 dB for JT9. === Free Text Messages Users often add some friendly chit-chat at the end of a QSO. Free-format messages such as ``TNX ROBERT 73'' or ``5W VERT 73 GL'' are supported, up to a maximum of 13 characters, including spaces. In general you should avoid the character / in free-text nessages, as the program may then try to interpret your construction as part of a compound callsign. TIP: It should be obvious that the JT9 and JT65 protocols are not well suited for extensive conversations or rag-chewing. [[COMP-CALL]] === Compound Callsigns Compound callsigns such as xx/K1ABC or K1ABC/x are handled in one of two possible ways: .Type 1 Compound-Callsign Messages A list of about 350 of the most common prefixes and suffixes can be displayed from the *Help* menu. A single compound callsign involving one item from this list can be used in place of the standard third message word (normally a locator, signal report, RRR, or 73). Thus, the following examples are all acceptable *Type 1* messages with compound callsigns: CQ ZA/K1ABC CQ K1ABC/4 ZA/K1ABC G0XYZ G0XYZ K1ABC/4 The following messages are _not_ valid, because a third word is not permitted in a *Type 1* message: ZA/K1ABC G0XYZ -22 #These messages will be sent G0XYZ K1ABC/4 73 #without the third "word" A QSO between two stations using *Type 1* compound-callsign messages might look like this: CQ ZA/K1ABC ZA/K1ABC G0XYZ G0XYZ K1ABC –19 K1ABC G0XYZ R–22 G0XYZ K1ABC RRR K1ABC G0XYZ 73 Notice that the full compound callsign is sent and received in the first two transmissions. After that, the operators omit the add-on prefix or suffix and use the standard structured messages. .Type 2 Compound-Callsign Messages Prefixes and suffixes _not_ found in the short displayable list can be handled with a *Type 2* message. In this case the compound callsign must be the second word in a two- or three-word message, and the first word must be CQ, DE, or QRZ. Prefixes can be 1 to 4 characters, suffixes 1 to 3 characters. A third word conveying a locator, report, RRR, or 73 is permitted. The following are valid *Type 2* messages with compound callsigns: CQ W4/G0XYZ FM07 QRZ K1ABC/VE6 DO33 DE W4/G0XYZ FM18 DE W4/G0XYZ -22 DE W4/G0XYZ R-22 DE W4/G0XYZ RRR DE W4/G0XYZ 73 In each case, the message is treated as *Type 2* because the add-on prefix or suffix is _not_ one of those in the fixed list. Note that a second callsign is never permissible in these messages. TIP: Remember that during a transmission your transmitted message is always displayed in the first label on the *Status Bar*, highlighted in yellow. It is displayed there exactly as another station will receive it. Be sure to check that you are actually transmitting the message you wish to send! QSOs involving *Type 2* compound callsigns might look like either of the following sequences CQ K1ABC/VE1 FN75 K1ABC G0XYZ IO91 G0XYZ K1ABC –19 K1ABC G0XYZ R–22 G0XYZ K1ABC RRR K1ABC/VE1 73 CQ K1ABC FN42 DE G0XYZ/W4 FM18 G0XYZ K1ABC –19 K1ABC G0XYZ R–22 G0XYZ K1ABC RRR DE G0XYZ/W4 73 Each operator sends his own compound callsign in the first (and possibly also last) transmission, as may be required by licensing authorities. Subsequent transmissions may use the standard structured messages without callsign prefix or suffix. IMPORTANT: It's up to you, the operator, to ensure that messages with compound callsigns are composed in the manner described above. Double-clicking on a line of decoded text may not always produce the desired result. === Pre-QSO Checklist Before attempting your first QSO with JT9 or JT65, be sure to go through the <> above, as well as the following checklist: - Your callsign and grid locator set to correct values - PTT and CAT control (if used) properly configured and tested - Computer clock properly synchronized to UTC within ±1 s - Radio set to *USB* (upper sideband) mode - Radio filters centered and set to widest available passband (up to 5 kHz). - Radio's Split mode activated or not, consistent with your choice on the *Radio* tab of the *Settings* window. Verify both VFOs are set to USB if your rig allows each VFO an independent mode setting. IMPORTANT: Remember that JT9 and J65 generally do not require high power. Under most HF propagation conditions, QRP is the norm.