added libtommath-0.34

2005-02-12 08:40:15 +00:00 · 2005-02-12 08:40:15 +00:00 · 3d0fcaab0a
parent 4b7111d96e
commit 3d0fcaab0a
55 changed files with 5477 additions and 3867 deletions
--- a/bn.pdf
+++ b/bn.pdf
--- a/bn.tex
+++ b/bn.tex
@ -49,7 +49,7 @@
 \begin{document}
 \frontmatter
 \pagestyle{empty}
-\title{LibTomMath User Manual \\ v0.33}
+\title{LibTomMath User Manual \\ v0.34}
 \author{Tom St Denis \\ tomstdenis@iahu.ca}
 \maketitle
 This text, the library and the accompanying textbook are all hereby placed in the public domain.  This book has been 
@ -263,12 +263,12 @@ are the pros and cons of LibTomMath by comparing it to the math routines from Gn
 \begin{center}
 \begin{tabular}{|l|c|c|l|}
 \hline \textbf{Criteria} & \textbf{Pro} & \textbf{Con} & \textbf{Notes} \\
-\hline Few lines of code per file & X & & GnuPG $ = 300.9$, LibTomMath  $ = 76.04$ \\
+\hline Few lines of code per file & X & & GnuPG $ = 300.9$, LibTomMath  $ = 71.97$ \\
 \hline Commented function prototypes & X && GnuPG function names are cryptic. \\
 \hline Speed && X & LibTomMath is slower.  \\
 \hline Totally free & X & & GPL has unfavourable restrictions.\\
 \hline Large function base & X & & GnuPG is barebones. \\
-\hline Four modular reduction algorithms & X & & Faster modular exponentiation. \\
+\hline Five modular reduction algorithms & X & & Faster modular exponentiation for a variety of moduli. \\
 \hline Portable & X & & GnuPG requires configuration to build. \\
 \hline
 \end{tabular}
@ -284,9 +284,12 @@ would require when working with large integers.
 So it may feel tempting to just rip the math code out of GnuPG (or GnuMP where it was taken from originally) in your
 own application but I think there are reasons not to.  While LibTomMath is slower than libraries such as GnuMP it is
 not normally significantly slower.  On x86 machines the difference is normally a factor of two when performing modular
-exponentiations.
+exponentiations.  It depends largely on the processor, compiler and the moduli being used.

-Essentially the only time you wouldn't use LibTomMath is when blazing speed is the primary concern.
+Essentially the only time you wouldn't use LibTomMath is when blazing speed is the primary concern.  However,
+on the other side of the coin LibTomMath offers you a totally free (public domain) well structured math library
+that is very flexible, complete and performs well in resource contrained environments.  Fast RSA for example can
+be performed with as little as 8KB of ram for data (again depending on build options).  

 \chapter{Getting Started with LibTomMath}
 \section{Building Programs}
@ -809,7 +812,7 @@ mp\_int variables based on their digits only.

 \index{mp\_cmp\_mag}
 \begin{alltt}
-int mp_cmp(mp_int * a, mp_int * b);
+int mp_cmp_mag(mp_int * a, mp_int * b);
 \end{alltt}
 This will compare $a$ to $b$ placing $a$ to the left of $b$.  This function cannot fail and will return one of the
 three compare codes listed in figure \ref{fig:CMP}.
@ -1220,12 +1223,13 @@ int mp_sqr (mp_int * a, mp_int * b);
 \end{alltt}

 Will square $a$ and store it in $b$.  Like the case of multiplication there are four different squaring
-algorithms all which can be called from mp\_sqr().  It is ideal to use mp\_sqr over mp\_mul when squaring terms.
+algorithms all which can be called from mp\_sqr().  It is ideal to use mp\_sqr over mp\_mul when squaring terms because
+of the speed difference.  

 \section{Tuning Polynomial Basis Routines}

 Both of the Toom-Cook and Karatsuba multiplication algorithms are faster than the traditional $O(n^2)$ approach that
-the Comba and baseline algorithms use.  At $O(n^{1.464973})$ and $O(n^{1.584962})$ running times respectfully they require 
+the Comba and baseline algorithms use.  At $O(n^{1.464973})$ and $O(n^{1.584962})$ running times respectively they require 
 considerably less work.  For example, a 10000-digit multiplication would take roughly 724,000 single precision
 multiplications with Toom-Cook or 100,000,000 single precision multiplications with the standard Comba (a factor
 of 138).
@ -1297,14 +1301,14 @@ of $b$.  This algorithm accepts an input $a$ of any range and is not limited by
 \section{Barrett Reduction}

 Barrett reduction is a generic optimized reduction algorithm that requires pre--computation to achieve
-a decent speedup over straight division.  First a $mu$ value must be precomputed with the following function.
+a decent speedup over straight division.  First a $\mu$ value must be precomputed with the following function.

 \index{mp\_reduce\_setup}
 \begin{alltt}
 int mp_reduce_setup(mp_int *a, mp_int *b);
 \end{alltt}

-Given a modulus in $b$ this produces the required $mu$ value in $a$.  For any given modulus this only has to
+Given a modulus in $b$ this produces the required $\mu$ value in $a$.  For any given modulus this only has to
 be computed once.  Modular reduction can now be performed with the following.

 \index{mp\_reduce}
@ -1312,7 +1316,7 @@ be computed once.  Modular reduction can now be performed with the following.
 int mp_reduce(mp_int *a, mp_int *b, mp_int *c);
 \end{alltt}

-This will reduce $a$ in place modulo $b$ with the precomputed $mu$ value in $c$.  $a$ must be in the range
+This will reduce $a$ in place modulo $b$ with the precomputed $\mu$ value in $c$.  $a$ must be in the range
 $0 \le a < b^2$.

 \begin{alltt}
@ -1578,7 +1582,8 @@ will return $-2$.
 This algorithm uses the ``Newton Approximation'' method and will converge on the correct root fairly quickly.  Since
 the algorithm requires raising $a$ to the power of $b$ it is not ideal to attempt to find roots for large
 values of $b$.  If particularly large roots are required then a factor method could be used instead.  For example,
-$a^{1/16}$ is equivalent to $\left (a^{1/4} \right)^{1/4}$.
+$a^{1/16}$ is equivalent to $\left (a^{1/4} \right)^{1/4}$ or simply 
+$\left ( \left ( \left ( a^{1/2} \right )^{1/2} \right )^{1/2} \right )^{1/2}$

 \chapter{Prime Numbers}
 \section{Trial Division}
--- a/bn_fast_mp_invmod.c
+++ b/bn_fast_mp_invmod.c
@ -21,8 +21,7 @@
 * Based on slow invmod except this is optimized for the case where b is 
 * odd as per HAC Note 14.64 on pp. 610
 */
-int
-fast_mp_invmod (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c)
+int fast_mp_invmod (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c)
 {
  mp_int  x, y, u, v, B, D;
  int     res, neg;
--- a/bn_fast_mp_montgomery_reduce.c
+++ b/bn_fast_mp_montgomery_reduce.c
@ -23,8 +23,7 @@
 *
 * Based on Algorithm 14.32 on pp.601 of HAC.
 */
-int
-fast_mp_montgomery_reduce (mp_int * x, mp_int * n, mp_digit rho)
+int fast_mp_montgomery_reduce (mp_int * x, mp_int * n, mp_digit rho)
 {
  int     ix, res, olduse;
  mp_word W[MP_WARRAY];
--- a/bn_fast_s_mp_mul_digs.c
+++ b/bn_fast_s_mp_mul_digs.c
@ -31,8 +31,7 @@
 * Based on Algorithm 14.12 on pp.595 of HAC.
 *
 */
-int
-fast_s_mp_mul_digs (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c, int digs)
+int fast_s_mp_mul_digs (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c, int digs)
 {
  int     olduse, res, pa, ix, iz;
  mp_digit W[MP_WARRAY];
@ -81,7 +80,7 @@ fast_s_mp_mul_digs (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c, int digs)
  }

  /* store final carry */
-  W[ix] = _W;
+  W[ix] = _W & MP_MASK;

  /* setup dest */
  olduse  = c->used;
--- a/bn_fast_s_mp_mul_high_digs.c
+++ b/bn_fast_s_mp_mul_high_digs.c
@ -24,8 +24,7 @@
 *
 * Based on Algorithm 14.12 on pp.595 of HAC.
 */
-int
-fast_s_mp_mul_high_digs (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c, int digs)
+int fast_s_mp_mul_high_digs (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c, int digs)
 {
  int     olduse, res, pa, ix, iz;
  mp_digit W[MP_WARRAY];
@ -72,7 +71,7 @@ fast_s_mp_mul_high_digs (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c, int digs)
  }
  
  /* store final carry */
-  W[ix] = _W;
+  W[ix] = _W & MP_MASK;

  /* setup dest */
  olduse  = c->used;
--- a/bn_fast_s_mp_sqr.c
+++ b/bn_fast_s_mp_sqr.c
@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ int fast_s_mp_sqr (mp_int * a, mp_int * b)
      }

      /* store it */
-      W[ix] = _W;
+      W[ix] = _W & MP_MASK;

      /* make next carry */
      W1 = _W >> ((mp_word)DIGIT_BIT);
--- a/bn_mp_exptmod.c
+++ b/bn_mp_exptmod.c
@ -65,21 +65,29 @@ int mp_exptmod (mp_int * G, mp_int * X, mp_int * P, mp_int * Y)
 #endif
  }

+/* modified diminished radix reduction */
+#if defined(BN_MP_REDUCE_IS_2K_L_C) && defined(BN_MP_REDUCE_2K_L_C)
+  if (mp_reduce_is_2k_l(P) == MP_YES) {
+     return s_mp_exptmod(G, X, P, Y, 1);
+  }
+#endif
+
 #ifdef BN_MP_DR_IS_MODULUS_C
  /* is it a DR modulus? */
  dr = mp_dr_is_modulus(P);
 #else
+  /* default to no */
  dr = 0;
 #endif

 #ifdef BN_MP_REDUCE_IS_2K_C
-  /* if not, is it a uDR modulus? */
+  /* if not, is it a unrestricted DR modulus? */
  if (dr == 0) {
     dr = mp_reduce_is_2k(P) << 1;
  }
 #endif
    
-  /* if the modulus is odd or dr != 0 use the fast method */
+  /* if the modulus is odd or dr != 0 use the montgomery method */
 #ifdef BN_MP_EXPTMOD_FAST_C
  if (mp_isodd (P) == 1 || dr !=  0) {
    return mp_exptmod_fast (G, X, P, Y, dr);
@ -87,7 +95,7 @@ int mp_exptmod (mp_int * G, mp_int * X, mp_int * P, mp_int * Y)
 #endif
 #ifdef BN_S_MP_EXPTMOD_C
    /* otherwise use the generic Barrett reduction technique */
-    return s_mp_exptmod (G, X, P, Y);
+    return s_mp_exptmod (G, X, P, Y, 0);
 #else
    /* no exptmod for evens */
    return MP_VAL;
--- a/bn_mp_exptmod_fast.c
+++ b/bn_mp_exptmod_fast.c
@ -29,8 +29,7 @@
   #define TAB_SIZE 256
 #endif

-int
-mp_exptmod_fast (mp_int * G, mp_int * X, mp_int * P, mp_int * Y, int redmode)
+int mp_exptmod_fast (mp_int * G, mp_int * X, mp_int * P, mp_int * Y, int redmode)
 {
  mp_int  M[TAB_SIZE], res;
  mp_digit buf, mp;
--- a/bn_mp_mul_d.c
+++ b/bn_mp_mul_d.c
@ -57,8 +57,9 @@ mp_mul_d (mp_int * a, mp_digit b, mp_int * c)
    u       = (mp_digit) (r >> ((mp_word) DIGIT_BIT));
  }

-  /* store final carry [if any] */
+  /* store final carry [if any] and increment ix offset  */
  *tmpc++ = u;
+  ++ix;

  /* now zero digits above the top */
  while (ix++ < olduse) {
--- a/bn_mp_prime_random_ex.c
+++ b/bn_mp_prime_random_ex.c
@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ int mp_prime_random_ex(mp_int *a, int t, int size, int flags, ltm_prime_callback

   /* calc the maskOR_msb */
   maskOR_msb        = 0;
-   maskOR_msb_offset = (size - 2) >> 3;
+   maskOR_msb_offset = ((size & 7) == 1) ? 1 : 0;
   if (flags & LTM_PRIME_2MSB_ON) {
      maskOR_msb     |= 1 << ((size - 2) & 7);
   } else if (flags & LTM_PRIME_2MSB_OFF) {
@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ int mp_prime_random_ex(mp_int *a, int t, int size, int flags, ltm_prime_callback
   } 

   /* get the maskOR_lsb */
-   maskOR_lsb         = 0;
+   maskOR_lsb         = 1;
   if (flags & LTM_PRIME_BBS) {
      maskOR_lsb     |= 3;
   }
--- a/bn_mp_read_radix.c
+++ b/bn_mp_read_radix.c
@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 */

 /* read a string [ASCII] in a given radix */
-int mp_read_radix (mp_int * a, char *str, int radix)
+int mp_read_radix (mp_int * a, const char *str, int radix)
 {
  int     y, res, neg;
  char    ch;
--- a/bn_mp_reduce.c
+++ b/bn_mp_reduce.c
@ -19,8 +19,7 @@
 * precomputed via mp_reduce_setup.
 * From HAC pp.604 Algorithm 14.42
 */
-int
-mp_reduce (mp_int * x, mp_int * m, mp_int * mu)
+int mp_reduce (mp_int * x, mp_int * m, mp_int * mu)
 {
  mp_int  q;
  int     res, um = m->used;
--- a/bn_mp_reduce_2k.c
+++ b/bn_mp_reduce_2k.c
@ -16,8 +16,7 @@
 */

 /* reduces a modulo n where n is of the form 2**p - d */
-int
-mp_reduce_2k(mp_int *a, mp_int *n, mp_digit d)
+int mp_reduce_2k(mp_int *a, mp_int *n, mp_digit d)
 {
   mp_int q;
   int    p, res;
--- a/bn_mp_reduce_2k_l.c
+++ b/bn_mp_reduce_2k_l.c
@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+#include <tommath.h>
+#ifdef BN_MP_REDUCE_2K_L_C
+/* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
+ *
+ * LibTomMath is a library that provides multiple-precision
+ * integer arithmetic as well as number theoretic functionality.
+ *
+ * The library was designed directly after the MPI library by
+ * Michael Fromberger but has been written from scratch with
+ * additional optimizations in place.
+ *
+ * The library is free for all purposes without any express
+ * guarantee it works.
+ *
+ * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@iahu.ca, http://math.libtomcrypt.org
+ */
+
+/* reduces a modulo n where n is of the form 2**p - d 
+   This differs from reduce_2k since "d" can be larger
+   than a single digit.
+*/
+int mp_reduce_2k_l(mp_int *a, mp_int *n, mp_int *d)
+{
+   mp_int q;
+   int    p, res;
+   
+   if ((res = mp_init(&q)) != MP_OKAY) {
+      return res;
+   }
+   
+   p = mp_count_bits(n);    
+top:
+   /* q = a/2**p, a = a mod 2**p */
+   if ((res = mp_div_2d(a, p, &q, a)) != MP_OKAY) {
+      goto ERR;
+   }
+   
+   /* q = q * d */
+   if ((res = mp_mul(&q, d, &q)) != MP_OKAY) { 
+      goto ERR;
+   }
+   
+   /* a = a + q */
+   if ((res = s_mp_add(a, &q, a)) != MP_OKAY) {
+      goto ERR;
+   }
+   
+   if (mp_cmp_mag(a, n) != MP_LT) {
+      s_mp_sub(a, n, a);
+      goto top;
+   }
+   
+ERR:
+   mp_clear(&q);
+   return res;
+}
+
+#endif
--- a/bn_mp_reduce_2k_setup.c
+++ b/bn_mp_reduce_2k_setup.c
@ -16,8 +16,7 @@
 */

 /* determines the setup value */
-int 
-mp_reduce_2k_setup(mp_int *a, mp_digit *d)
+int mp_reduce_2k_setup(mp_int *a, mp_digit *d)
 {
   int res, p;
   mp_int tmp;
--- a/bn_mp_reduce_2k_setup_l.c
+++ b/bn_mp_reduce_2k_setup_l.c
@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+#include <tommath.h>
+#ifdef BN_MP_REDUCE_2K_SETUP_L_C
+/* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
+ *
+ * LibTomMath is a library that provides multiple-precision
+ * integer arithmetic as well as number theoretic functionality.
+ *
+ * The library was designed directly after the MPI library by
+ * Michael Fromberger but has been written from scratch with
+ * additional optimizations in place.
+ *
+ * The library is free for all purposes without any express
+ * guarantee it works.
+ *
+ * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@iahu.ca, http://math.libtomcrypt.org
+ */
+
+/* determines the setup value */
+int mp_reduce_2k_setup_l(mp_int *a, mp_int *d)
+{
+   int    res;
+   mp_int tmp;
+   
+   if ((res = mp_init(&tmp)) != MP_OKAY) {
+      return res;
+   }
+   
+   if ((res = mp_2expt(&tmp, mp_count_bits(a))) != MP_OKAY) {
+      goto ERR;
+   }
+   
+   if ((res = s_mp_sub(&tmp, a, d)) != MP_OKAY) {
+      goto ERR;
+   }
+   
+ERR:
+   mp_clear(&tmp);
+   return res;
+}
+#endif
--- a/bn_mp_reduce_is_2k.c
+++ b/bn_mp_reduce_is_2k.c
@ -22,9 +22,9 @@ int mp_reduce_is_2k(mp_int *a)
   mp_digit iz;
   
   if (a->used == 0) {
-      return 0;
+      return MP_NO;
   } else if (a->used == 1) {
-      return 1;
+      return MP_YES;
   } else if (a->used > 1) {
      iy = mp_count_bits(a);
      iz = 1;
@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ int mp_reduce_is_2k(mp_int *a)
      /* Test every bit from the second digit up, must be 1 */
      for (ix = DIGIT_BIT; ix < iy; ix++) {
          if ((a->dp[iw] & iz) == 0) {
-             return 0;
+             return MP_NO;
          }
          iz <<= 1;
          if (iz > (mp_digit)MP_MASK) {
@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ int mp_reduce_is_2k(mp_int *a)
          }
      }
   }
-   return 1;
+   return MP_YES;
 }

 #endif
--- a/bn_mp_reduce_is_2k_l.c
+++ b/bn_mp_reduce_is_2k_l.c
@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+#include <tommath.h>
+#ifdef BN_MP_REDUCE_IS_2K_L_C
+/* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
+ *
+ * LibTomMath is a library that provides multiple-precision
+ * integer arithmetic as well as number theoretic functionality.
+ *
+ * The library was designed directly after the MPI library by
+ * Michael Fromberger but has been written from scratch with
+ * additional optimizations in place.
+ *
+ * The library is free for all purposes without any express
+ * guarantee it works.
+ *
+ * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@iahu.ca, http://math.libtomcrypt.org
+ */
+
+/* determines if reduce_2k_l can be used */
+int mp_reduce_is_2k_l(mp_int *a)
+{
+   int ix, iy;
+   
+   if (a->used == 0) {
+      return MP_NO;
+   } else if (a->used == 1) {
+      return MP_YES;
+   } else if (a->used > 1) {
+      /* if more than half of the digits are -1 we're sold */
+      for (iy = ix = 0; ix < a->used; ix++) {
+          if (a->dp[ix] == MP_MASK) {
+              ++iy;
+          }
+      }
+      return (iy >= (a->used/2)) ? MP_YES : MP_NO;
+      
+   }
+   return MP_NO;
+}
+
+#endif
--- a/bn_mp_to_signed_bin.c
+++ b/bn_mp_to_signed_bin.c
@ -16,8 +16,7 @@
 */

 /* store in signed [big endian] format */
-int
-mp_to_signed_bin (mp_int * a, unsigned char *b)
+int mp_to_signed_bin (mp_int * a, unsigned char *b)
 {
  int     res;

--- a/bn_mp_to_signed_bin_n.c
+++ b/bn_mp_to_signed_bin_n.c
@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+#include <tommath.h>
+#ifdef BN_MP_TO_SIGNED_BIN_N_C
+/* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
+ *
+ * LibTomMath is a library that provides multiple-precision
+ * integer arithmetic as well as number theoretic functionality.
+ *
+ * The library was designed directly after the MPI library by
+ * Michael Fromberger but has been written from scratch with
+ * additional optimizations in place.
+ *
+ * The library is free for all purposes without any express
+ * guarantee it works.
+ *
+ * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@iahu.ca, http://math.libtomcrypt.org
+ */
+
+/* store in signed [big endian] format */
+int mp_to_signed_bin_n (mp_int * a, unsigned char *b, unsigned long *outlen)
+{
+   if (*outlen < (unsigned long)mp_signed_bin_size(a)) {
+      return MP_VAL;
+   }
+   *outlen = mp_signed_bin_size(a);
+   return mp_to_signed_bin(a, b);
+}
+#endif
--- a/bn_mp_to_unsigned_bin.c
+++ b/bn_mp_to_unsigned_bin.c
@ -16,8 +16,7 @@
 */

 /* store in unsigned [big endian] format */
-int
-mp_to_unsigned_bin (mp_int * a, unsigned char *b)
+int mp_to_unsigned_bin (mp_int * a, unsigned char *b)
 {
  int     x, res;
  mp_int  t;
--- a/bn_mp_to_unsigned_bin_n.c
+++ b/bn_mp_to_unsigned_bin_n.c
@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+#include <tommath.h>
+#ifdef BN_MP_TO_UNSIGNED_BIN_N_C
+/* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
+ *
+ * LibTomMath is a library that provides multiple-precision
+ * integer arithmetic as well as number theoretic functionality.
+ *
+ * The library was designed directly after the MPI library by
+ * Michael Fromberger but has been written from scratch with
+ * additional optimizations in place.
+ *
+ * The library is free for all purposes without any express
+ * guarantee it works.
+ *
+ * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@iahu.ca, http://math.libtomcrypt.org
+ */
+
+/* store in unsigned [big endian] format */
+int mp_to_unsigned_bin_n (mp_int * a, unsigned char *b, unsigned long *outlen)
+{
+   if (*outlen < (unsigned long)mp_unsigned_bin_size(a)) {
+      return MP_VAL;
+   }
+   *outlen = mp_unsigned_bin_size(a);
+   return mp_to_unsigned_bin(a, b);
+}
+#endif
--- a/bn_mp_unsigned_bin_size.c
+++ b/bn_mp_unsigned_bin_size.c
@ -16,8 +16,7 @@
 */

 /* get the size for an unsigned equivalent */
-int
-mp_unsigned_bin_size (mp_int * a)
+int mp_unsigned_bin_size (mp_int * a)
 {
  int     size = mp_count_bits (a);
  return (size / 8 + ((size & 7) != 0 ? 1 : 0));
--- a/bn_s_mp_exptmod.c
+++ b/bn_s_mp_exptmod.c
@ -21,11 +21,12 @@
   #define TAB_SIZE 256
 #endif

-int s_mp_exptmod (mp_int * G, mp_int * X, mp_int * P, mp_int * Y)
+int s_mp_exptmod (mp_int * G, mp_int * X, mp_int * P, mp_int * Y, int redmode)
 {
  mp_int  M[TAB_SIZE], res, mu;
  mp_digit buf;
  int     err, bitbuf, bitcpy, bitcnt, mode, digidx, x, y, winsize;
+  int (*redux)(mp_int*,mp_int*,mp_int*);

  /* find window size */
  x = mp_count_bits (X);
@ -72,9 +73,18 @@ int s_mp_exptmod (mp_int * G, mp_int * X, mp_int * P, mp_int * Y)
  if ((err = mp_init (&mu)) != MP_OKAY) {
    goto LBL_M;
  }
-  if ((err = mp_reduce_setup (&mu, P)) != MP_OKAY) {
-    goto LBL_MU;
-  }
+  
+  if (redmode == 0) {
+     if ((err = mp_reduce_setup (&mu, P)) != MP_OKAY) {
+        goto LBL_MU;
+     }
+     redux = mp_reduce;
+  } else {
+     if ((err = mp_reduce_2k_setup_l (P, &mu)) != MP_OKAY) {
+        goto LBL_MU;
+     }
+     redux = mp_reduce_2k_l;
+  }    

  /* create M table
   *
@ -96,11 +106,14 @@ int s_mp_exptmod (mp_int * G, mp_int * X, mp_int * P, mp_int * Y)
  }

  for (x = 0; x < (winsize - 1); x++) {
+    /* square it */
    if ((err = mp_sqr (&M[1 << (winsize - 1)], 
                       &M[1 << (winsize - 1)])) != MP_OKAY) {
      goto LBL_MU;
    }
-    if ((err = mp_reduce (&M[1 << (winsize - 1)], P, &mu)) != MP_OKAY) {
+
+    /* reduce modulo P */
+    if ((err = redux (&M[1 << (winsize - 1)], P, &mu)) != MP_OKAY) {
      goto LBL_MU;
    }
  }
@ -112,7 +125,7 @@ int s_mp_exptmod (mp_int * G, mp_int * X, mp_int * P, mp_int * Y)
    if ((err = mp_mul (&M[x - 1], &M[1], &M[x])) != MP_OKAY) {
      goto LBL_MU;
    }
-    if ((err = mp_reduce (&M[x], P, &mu)) != MP_OKAY) {
+    if ((err = redux (&M[x], P, &mu)) != MP_OKAY) {
      goto LBL_MU;
    }
  }
@ -161,7 +174,7 @@ int s_mp_exptmod (mp_int * G, mp_int * X, mp_int * P, mp_int * Y)
      if ((err = mp_sqr (&res, &res)) != MP_OKAY) {
        goto LBL_RES;
      }
-      if ((err = mp_reduce (&res, P, &mu)) != MP_OKAY) {
+      if ((err = redux (&res, P, &mu)) != MP_OKAY) {
        goto LBL_RES;
      }
      continue;
@ -178,7 +191,7 @@ int s_mp_exptmod (mp_int * G, mp_int * X, mp_int * P, mp_int * Y)
        if ((err = mp_sqr (&res, &res)) != MP_OKAY) {
          goto LBL_RES;
        }
-        if ((err = mp_reduce (&res, P, &mu)) != MP_OKAY) {
+        if ((err = redux (&res, P, &mu)) != MP_OKAY) {
          goto LBL_RES;
        }
      }
@ -187,7 +200,7 @@ int s_mp_exptmod (mp_int * G, mp_int * X, mp_int * P, mp_int * Y)
      if ((err = mp_mul (&res, &M[bitbuf], &res)) != MP_OKAY) {
        goto LBL_RES;
      }
-      if ((err = mp_reduce (&res, P, &mu)) != MP_OKAY) {
+      if ((err = redux (&res, P, &mu)) != MP_OKAY) {
        goto LBL_RES;
      }

@ -205,7 +218,7 @@ int s_mp_exptmod (mp_int * G, mp_int * X, mp_int * P, mp_int * Y)
      if ((err = mp_sqr (&res, &res)) != MP_OKAY) {
        goto LBL_RES;
      }
-      if ((err = mp_reduce (&res, P, &mu)) != MP_OKAY) {
+      if ((err = redux (&res, P, &mu)) != MP_OKAY) {
        goto LBL_RES;
      }

@ -215,7 +228,7 @@ int s_mp_exptmod (mp_int * G, mp_int * X, mp_int * P, mp_int * Y)
        if ((err = mp_mul (&res, &M[1], &res)) != MP_OKAY) {
          goto LBL_RES;
        }
-        if ((err = mp_reduce (&res, P, &mu)) != MP_OKAY) {
+        if ((err = redux (&res, P, &mu)) != MP_OKAY) {
          goto LBL_RES;
        }
      }
--- a/bncore.c
+++ b/bncore.c
@ -20,11 +20,12 @@
 CPU                    /Compiler     /MUL CUTOFF/SQR CUTOFF
 -------------------------------------------------------------
 Intel P4 Northwood     /GCC v3.4.1   /        88/       128/LTM 0.32 ;-)
+ AMD Athlon64           /GCC v3.4.4   /        74/       124/LTM 0.34
 
 */

-int     KARATSUBA_MUL_CUTOFF = 88,      /* Min. number of digits before Karatsuba multiplication is used. */
-        KARATSUBA_SQR_CUTOFF = 128,     /* Min. number of digits before Karatsuba squaring is used. */
+int     KARATSUBA_MUL_CUTOFF = 74,      /* Min. number of digits before Karatsuba multiplication is used. */
+        KARATSUBA_SQR_CUTOFF = 124,     /* Min. number of digits before Karatsuba squaring is used. */
        
        TOOM_MUL_CUTOFF      = 350,      /* no optimal values of these are known yet so set em high */
        TOOM_SQR_CUTOFF      = 400; 
--- a/callgraph.txt
+++ b/callgraph.txt
--- a/changes.txt
+++ b/changes.txt
@ -1,3 +1,15 @@
+February 12th, 2005
+v0.34  -- Fixed two more small errors in mp_prime_random_ex()
+       -- Fixed overflow in mp_mul_d() [Kevin Kenny]
+       -- Added mp_to_(un)signed_bin_n() functions which do bounds checking for ya [and report the size]
+       -- Added "large" diminished radix support.  Speeds up things like DSA where the moduli is of the form 2^k - P for some P < 2^(k/2) or so
+          Actually is faster than Montgomery on my AMD64 (and probably much faster on a P4)
+       -- Updated the manual a bit
+       -- Ok so I haven't done the textbook work yet... My current freelance gig has landed me in France till the 
+          end of Feb/05.  Once I get back I'll have tons of free time and I plan to go to town on the book.
+          As of this release the API will freeze.  At least until the book catches up with all the changes.  I welcome
+          bug reports but new algorithms will have to wait.
+
 December 23rd, 2004
 v0.33  -- Fixed "small" variant for mp_div() which would munge with negative dividends...
       -- Fixed bug in mp_prime_random_ex() which would set the most significant byte to zero when
--- a/demo/demo.c
+++ b/demo/demo.c
--- a/demo/timing.c
+++ b/demo/timing.c
@ -11,15 +11,16 @@ ulong64 _tt;
 #endif


-void ndraw(mp_int *a, char *name)
+void ndraw(mp_int * a, char *name)
 {
   char buf[4096];
+
   printf("%s: ", name);
   mp_toradix(a, buf, 64);
   printf("%s\n", buf);
 }

-static void draw(mp_int *a)
+static void draw(mp_int * a)
 {
   ndraw(a, "");
 }
@ -39,35 +40,38 @@ int lbit(void)
 }

 /* RDTSC from Scott Duplichan */
-static ulong64 TIMFUNC (void)
-   {
-   #if defined __GNUC__
-      #if defined(__i386__) || defined(__x86_64__)
-         unsigned long long a;
-         __asm__ __volatile__ ("rdtsc\nmovl %%eax,%0\nmovl %%edx,4+%0\n"::"m"(a):"%eax","%edx");
-         return a;
-      #else /* gcc-IA64 version */
-         unsigned long result;
-         __asm__ __volatile__("mov %0=ar.itc" : "=r"(result) :: "memory");
-         while (__builtin_expect ((int) result == -1, 0))
-         __asm__ __volatile__("mov %0=ar.itc" : "=r"(result) :: "memory");
-         return result;
-      #endif
+static ulong64 TIMFUNC(void)
+{
+#if defined __GNUC__
+#if defined(__i386__) || defined(__x86_64__)
+   unsigned long long a;
+   __asm__ __volatile__("rdtsc\nmovl %%eax,%0\nmovl %%edx,4+%0\n"::
+			"m"(a):"%eax", "%edx");
+   return a;
+#else /* gcc-IA64 version */
+   unsigned long result;
+   __asm__ __volatile__("mov %0=ar.itc":"=r"(result)::"memory");
+
+   while (__builtin_expect((int) result == -1, 0))
+      __asm__ __volatile__("mov %0=ar.itc":"=r"(result)::"memory");
+
+   return result;
+#endif

   // Microsoft and Intel Windows compilers
-   #elif defined _M_IX86
-     __asm rdtsc
-   #elif defined _M_AMD64
-     return __rdtsc ();
-   #elif defined _M_IA64
-     #if defined __INTEL_COMPILER
-       #include <ia64intrin.h>
-     #endif
-      return __getReg (3116);
-   #else
-     #error need rdtsc function for this build
-   #endif
-   }
+#elif defined _M_IX86
+   __asm rdtsc
+#elif defined _M_AMD64
+   return __rdtsc();
+#elif defined _M_IA64
+#if defined __INTEL_COMPILER
+#include <ia64intrin.h>
+#endif
+   return __getReg(3116);
+#else
+#error need rdtsc function for this build
+#endif
+}

 #define DO(x) x; x;
 //#define DO4(x) DO2(x); DO2(x);
@ -77,7 +81,7 @@ static ulong64 TIMFUNC (void)
 int main(void)
 {
   ulong64 tt, gg, CLK_PER_SEC;
-   FILE *log, *logb, *logc;
+   FILE *log, *logb, *logc, *logd;
   mp_int a, b, c, d, e, f;
   int n, cnt, ix, old_kara_m, old_kara_s;
   unsigned rr;
@ -90,168 +94,191 @@ int main(void)
   mp_init(&f);

   srand(time(NULL));
- 

-      /* temp. turn off TOOM */
-      TOOM_MUL_CUTOFF = TOOM_SQR_CUTOFF = 100000;

-      CLK_PER_SEC = TIMFUNC();
-      sleep(1);
-      CLK_PER_SEC = TIMFUNC() - CLK_PER_SEC;
+   /* temp. turn off TOOM */
+   TOOM_MUL_CUTOFF = TOOM_SQR_CUTOFF = 100000;

-      printf("CLK_PER_SEC == %llu\n", CLK_PER_SEC);
-      
-      log = fopen("logs/add.log", "w");
-      for (cnt = 8; cnt <= 128; cnt += 8) {
-         SLEEP;
-         mp_rand(&a, cnt);
-         mp_rand(&b, cnt);
-         rr = 0;
-         tt = -1;
-         do {
-            gg = TIMFUNC();
-            DO(mp_add(&a,&b,&c));
-            gg = (TIMFUNC() - gg)>>1;
-            if (tt > gg) tt = gg;
-         } while (++rr < 100000);
-         printf("Adding\t\t%4d-bit => %9llu/sec, %9llu cycles\n", mp_count_bits(&a), CLK_PER_SEC/tt, tt);
-         fprintf(log, "%d %9llu\n", cnt*DIGIT_BIT, tt); fflush(log);
-      }
-      fclose(log);
+   CLK_PER_SEC = TIMFUNC();
+   sleep(1);
+   CLK_PER_SEC = TIMFUNC() - CLK_PER_SEC;

-      log = fopen("logs/sub.log", "w");
-      for (cnt = 8; cnt <= 128; cnt += 8) {
-         SLEEP;
-         mp_rand(&a, cnt);
-         mp_rand(&b, cnt);
-         rr = 0;
-         tt = -1;
-         do {
-            gg = TIMFUNC();
-            DO(mp_sub(&a,&b,&c));
-            gg = (TIMFUNC() - gg)>>1;
-            if (tt > gg) tt = gg;
-         } while (++rr < 100000);
+   printf("CLK_PER_SEC == %llu\n", CLK_PER_SEC);
+   goto exptmod;
+   log = fopen("logs/add.log", "w");
+   for (cnt = 8; cnt <= 128; cnt += 8) {
+      SLEEP;
+      mp_rand(&a, cnt);
+      mp_rand(&b, cnt);
+      rr = 0;
+      tt = -1;
+      do {
+	 gg = TIMFUNC();
+	 DO(mp_add(&a, &b, &c));
+	 gg = (TIMFUNC() - gg) >> 1;
+	 if (tt > gg)
+	    tt = gg;
+      } while (++rr < 100000);
+      printf("Adding\t\t%4d-bit => %9llu/sec, %9llu cycles\n",
+	     mp_count_bits(&a), CLK_PER_SEC / tt, tt);
+      fprintf(log, "%d %9llu\n", cnt * DIGIT_BIT, tt);
+      fflush(log);
+   }
+   fclose(log);

-         printf("Subtracting\t\t%4d-bit => %9llu/sec, %9llu cycles\n", mp_count_bits(&a), CLK_PER_SEC/tt, tt);
-         fprintf(log, "%d %9llu\n", cnt*DIGIT_BIT, tt);  fflush(log);
-      }
-      fclose(log);
+   log = fopen("logs/sub.log", "w");
+   for (cnt = 8; cnt <= 128; cnt += 8) {
+      SLEEP;
+      mp_rand(&a, cnt);
+      mp_rand(&b, cnt);
+      rr = 0;
+      tt = -1;
+      do {
+	 gg = TIMFUNC();
+	 DO(mp_sub(&a, &b, &c));
+	 gg = (TIMFUNC() - gg) >> 1;
+	 if (tt > gg)
+	    tt = gg;
+      } while (++rr < 100000);
+
+      printf("Subtracting\t\t%4d-bit => %9llu/sec, %9llu cycles\n",
+	     mp_count_bits(&a), CLK_PER_SEC / tt, tt);
+      fprintf(log, "%d %9llu\n", cnt * DIGIT_BIT, tt);
+      fflush(log);
+   }
+   fclose(log);

   /* do mult/square twice, first without karatsuba and second with */
+ multtest:
   old_kara_m = KARATSUBA_MUL_CUTOFF;
   old_kara_s = KARATSUBA_SQR_CUTOFF;
-   for (ix = 0; ix < 1; ix++) {
-      printf("With%s Karatsuba\n", (ix==0)?"out":"");
+   for (ix = 0; ix < 2; ix++) {
+      printf("With%s Karatsuba\n", (ix == 0) ? "out" : "");

-      KARATSUBA_MUL_CUTOFF = (ix==0)?9999:old_kara_m;
-      KARATSUBA_SQR_CUTOFF = (ix==0)?9999:old_kara_s;
+      KARATSUBA_MUL_CUTOFF = (ix == 0) ? 9999 : old_kara_m;
+      KARATSUBA_SQR_CUTOFF = (ix == 0) ? 9999 : old_kara_s;

-      log = fopen((ix==0)?"logs/mult.log":"logs/mult_kara.log", "w");
-      for (cnt = 4; cnt <= 288; cnt += 2) {
-         SLEEP;
-         mp_rand(&a, cnt);
-         mp_rand(&b, cnt);
-         rr = 0;
-         tt = -1;
-         do {
-            gg = TIMFUNC();
-            DO(mp_mul(&a, &b, &c));
-            gg = (TIMFUNC() - gg)>>1;
-            if (tt > gg) tt = gg;
-         } while (++rr < 100);
-         printf("Multiplying\t%4d-bit => %9llu/sec, %9llu cycles\n", mp_count_bits(&a), CLK_PER_SEC/tt, tt);
-         fprintf(log, "%d %9llu\n", mp_count_bits(&a), tt);  fflush(log);
+      log = fopen((ix == 0) ? "logs/mult.log" : "logs/mult_kara.log", "w");
+      for (cnt = 4; cnt <= 10240 / DIGIT_BIT; cnt += 2) {
+	 SLEEP;
+	 mp_rand(&a, cnt);
+	 mp_rand(&b, cnt);
+	 rr = 0;
+	 tt = -1;
+	 do {
+	    gg = TIMFUNC();
+	    DO(mp_mul(&a, &b, &c));
+	    gg = (TIMFUNC() - gg) >> 1;
+	    if (tt > gg)
+	       tt = gg;
+	 } while (++rr < 100);
+	 printf("Multiplying\t%4d-bit => %9llu/sec, %9llu cycles\n",
+		mp_count_bits(&a), CLK_PER_SEC / tt, tt);
+	 fprintf(log, "%d %9llu\n", mp_count_bits(&a), tt);
+	 fflush(log);
      }
      fclose(log);

-      log = fopen((ix==0)?"logs/sqr.log":"logs/sqr_kara.log", "w");
-      for (cnt = 4; cnt <= 288; cnt += 2) {
-         SLEEP;
-         mp_rand(&a, cnt);
-         rr = 0;
-         tt = -1;
-         do {
-            gg = TIMFUNC();
-            DO(mp_sqr(&a, &b));
-            gg = (TIMFUNC() - gg)>>1;
-            if (tt > gg) tt = gg;
-         } while (++rr < 100);
-         printf("Squaring\t%4d-bit => %9llu/sec, %9llu cycles\n", mp_count_bits(&a), CLK_PER_SEC/tt, tt);
-         fprintf(log, "%d %9llu\n", mp_count_bits(&a), tt);  fflush(log);
+      log = fopen((ix == 0) ? "logs/sqr.log" : "logs/sqr_kara.log", "w");
+      for (cnt = 4; cnt <= 10240 / DIGIT_BIT; cnt += 2) {
+	 SLEEP;
+	 mp_rand(&a, cnt);
+	 rr = 0;
+	 tt = -1;
+	 do {
+	    gg = TIMFUNC();
+	    DO(mp_sqr(&a, &b));
+	    gg = (TIMFUNC() - gg) >> 1;
+	    if (tt > gg)
+	       tt = gg;
+	 } while (++rr < 100);
+	 printf("Squaring\t%4d-bit => %9llu/sec, %9llu cycles\n",
+		mp_count_bits(&a), CLK_PER_SEC / tt, tt);
+	 fprintf(log, "%d %9llu\n", mp_count_bits(&a), tt);
+	 fflush(log);
      }
      fclose(log);

   }
+ exptmod:

-  {
+   {
      char *primes[] = {
-         /* 2K moduli mersenne primes */
-         "6864797660130609714981900799081393217269435300143305409394463459185543183397656052122559640661454554977296311391480858037121987999716643812574028291115057151",
-         "531137992816767098689588206552468627329593117727031923199444138200403559860852242739162502265229285668889329486246501015346579337652707239409519978766587351943831270835393219031728127",
-         "10407932194664399081925240327364085538615262247266704805319112350403608059673360298012239441732324184842421613954281007791383566248323464908139906605677320762924129509389220345773183349661583550472959420547689811211693677147548478866962501384438260291732348885311160828538416585028255604666224831890918801847068222203140521026698435488732958028878050869736186900714720710555703168729087",
-         "1475979915214180235084898622737381736312066145333169775147771216478570297878078949377407337049389289382748507531496480477281264838760259191814463365330269540496961201113430156902396093989090226259326935025281409614983499388222831448598601834318536230923772641390209490231836446899608210795482963763094236630945410832793769905399982457186322944729636418890623372171723742105636440368218459649632948538696905872650486914434637457507280441823676813517852099348660847172579408422316678097670224011990280170474894487426924742108823536808485072502240519452587542875349976558572670229633962575212637477897785501552646522609988869914013540483809865681250419497686697771007",
-         "259117086013202627776246767922441530941818887553125427303974923161874019266586362086201209516800483406550695241733194177441689509238807017410377709597512042313066624082916353517952311186154862265604547691127595848775610568757931191017711408826252153849035830401185072116424747461823031471398340229288074545677907941037288235820705892351068433882986888616658650280927692080339605869308790500409503709875902119018371991620994002568935113136548829739112656797303241986517250116412703509705427773477972349821676443446668383119322540099648994051790241624056519054483690809616061625743042361721863339415852426431208737266591962061753535748892894599629195183082621860853400937932839420261866586142503251450773096274235376822938649407127700846077124211823080804139298087057504713825264571448379371125032081826126566649084251699453951887789613650248405739378594599444335231188280123660406262468609212150349937584782292237144339628858485938215738821232393687046160677362909315071",
-         "190797007524439073807468042969529173669356994749940177394741882673528979787005053706368049835514900244303495954950709725762186311224148828811920216904542206960744666169364221195289538436845390250168663932838805192055137154390912666527533007309292687539092257043362517857366624699975402375462954490293259233303137330643531556539739921926201438606439020075174723029056838272505051571967594608350063404495977660656269020823960825567012344189908927956646011998057988548630107637380993519826582389781888135705408653045219655801758081251164080554609057468028203308718724654081055323215860189611391296030471108443146745671967766308925858547271507311563765171008318248647110097614890313562856541784154881743146033909602737947385055355960331855614540900081456378659068370317267696980001187750995491090350108417050917991562167972281070161305972518044872048331306383715094854938415738549894606070722584737978176686422134354526989443028353644037187375385397838259511833166416134323695660367676897722287918773420968982326089026150031515424165462111337527431154890666327374921446276833564519776797633875503548665093914556482031482248883127023777039667707976559857333357013727342079099064400455741830654320379350833236245819348824064783585692924881021978332974949906122664421376034687815350484991",
+	 /* 2K large moduli */
+	 "179769313486231590772930519078902473361797697894230657273430081157732675805500963132708477322407536021120113879871393357658789768814416622492847430639474124377767893424865485276302219601246094119453082952085005768838150682342462881473913110540827237163350510684586239334100047359817950870678242457666208137217",
+	 "32317006071311007300714876688669951960444102669715484032130345427524655138867890893197201411522913463688717960921898019494119559150490921095088152386448283120630877367300996091750197750389652106796057638384067568276792218642619756161838094338476170470581645852036305042887575891541065808607552399123930385521914333389668342420684974786564569494856176035326322058077805659331026192708460314150258592864177116725943603718461857357598351152301645904403697613233287231227125684710820209725157101726931323469678542580656697935045997268352998638099733077152121140120031150424541696791951097529546801429027668869927491725169",
+	 "1044388881413152506691752710716624382579964249047383780384233483283953907971557456848826811934997558340890106714439262837987573438185793607263236087851365277945956976543709998340361590134383718314428070011855946226376318839397712745672334684344586617496807908705803704071284048740118609114467977783598029006686938976881787785946905630190260940599579453432823469303026696443059025015972399867714215541693835559885291486318237914434496734087811872639496475100189041349008417061675093668333850551032972088269550769983616369411933015213796825837188091833656751221318492846368125550225998300412344784862595674492194617023806505913245610825731835380087608622102834270197698202313169017678006675195485079921636419370285375124784014907159135459982790513399611551794271106831134090584272884279791554849782954323534517065223269061394905987693002122963395687782878948440616007412945674919823050571642377154816321380631045902916136926708342856440730447899971901781465763473223850267253059899795996090799469201774624817718449867455659250178329070473119433165550807568221846571746373296884912819520317457002440926616910874148385078411929804522981857338977648103126085902995208257421855249796721729039744118165938433694823325696642096892124547425283",
+	 /* 2K moduli mersenne primes */
+	 "6864797660130609714981900799081393217269435300143305409394463459185543183397656052122559640661454554977296311391480858037121987999716643812574028291115057151",
+	 "531137992816767098689588206552468627329593117727031923199444138200403559860852242739162502265229285668889329486246501015346579337652707239409519978766587351943831270835393219031728127",
+	 "10407932194664399081925240327364085538615262247266704805319112350403608059673360298012239441732324184842421613954281007791383566248323464908139906605677320762924129509389220345773183349661583550472959420547689811211693677147548478866962501384438260291732348885311160828538416585028255604666224831890918801847068222203140521026698435488732958028878050869736186900714720710555703168729087",
+	 "1475979915214180235084898622737381736312066145333169775147771216478570297878078949377407337049389289382748507531496480477281264838760259191814463365330269540496961201113430156902396093989090226259326935025281409614983499388222831448598601834318536230923772641390209490231836446899608210795482963763094236630945410832793769905399982457186322944729636418890623372171723742105636440368218459649632948538696905872650486914434637457507280441823676813517852099348660847172579408422316678097670224011990280170474894487426924742108823536808485072502240519452587542875349976558572670229633962575212637477897785501552646522609988869914013540483809865681250419497686697771007",
+	 "259117086013202627776246767922441530941818887553125427303974923161874019266586362086201209516800483406550695241733194177441689509238807017410377709597512042313066624082916353517952311186154862265604547691127595848775610568757931191017711408826252153849035830401185072116424747461823031471398340229288074545677907941037288235820705892351068433882986888616658650280927692080339605869308790500409503709875902119018371991620994002568935113136548829739112656797303241986517250116412703509705427773477972349821676443446668383119322540099648994051790241624056519054483690809616061625743042361721863339415852426431208737266591962061753535748892894599629195183082621860853400937932839420261866586142503251450773096274235376822938649407127700846077124211823080804139298087057504713825264571448379371125032081826126566649084251699453951887789613650248405739378594599444335231188280123660406262468609212150349937584782292237144339628858485938215738821232393687046160677362909315071",
+	 "190797007524439073807468042969529173669356994749940177394741882673528979787005053706368049835514900244303495954950709725762186311224148828811920216904542206960744666169364221195289538436845390250168663932838805192055137154390912666527533007309292687539092257043362517857366624699975402375462954490293259233303137330643531556539739921926201438606439020075174723029056838272505051571967594608350063404495977660656269020823960825567012344189908927956646011998057988548630107637380993519826582389781888135705408653045219655801758081251164080554609057468028203308718724654081055323215860189611391296030471108443146745671967766308925858547271507311563765171008318248647110097614890313562856541784154881743146033909602737947385055355960331855614540900081456378659068370317267696980001187750995491090350108417050917991562167972281070161305972518044872048331306383715094854938415738549894606070722584737978176686422134354526989443028353644037187375385397838259511833166416134323695660367676897722287918773420968982326089026150031515424165462111337527431154890666327374921446276833564519776797633875503548665093914556482031482248883127023777039667707976559857333357013727342079099064400455741830654320379350833236245819348824064783585692924881021978332974949906122664421376034687815350484991",

-         /* DR moduli */
-         "14059105607947488696282932836518693308967803494693489478439861164411992439598399594747002144074658928593502845729752797260025831423419686528151609940203368612079",
-         "101745825697019260773923519755878567461315282017759829107608914364075275235254395622580447400994175578963163918967182013639660669771108475957692810857098847138903161308502419410142185759152435680068435915159402496058513611411688900243039",
-         "736335108039604595805923406147184530889923370574768772191969612422073040099331944991573923112581267542507986451953227192970402893063850485730703075899286013451337291468249027691733891486704001513279827771740183629161065194874727962517148100775228363421083691764065477590823919364012917984605619526140821797602431",
-         "38564998830736521417281865696453025806593491967131023221754800625044118265468851210705360385717536794615180260494208076605798671660719333199513807806252394423283413430106003596332513246682903994829528690198205120921557533726473585751382193953592127439965050261476810842071573684505878854588706623484573925925903505747545471088867712185004135201289273405614415899438276535626346098904241020877974002916168099951885406379295536200413493190419727789712076165162175783",
-         "542189391331696172661670440619180536749994166415993334151601745392193484590296600979602378676624808129613777993466242203025054573692562689251250471628358318743978285860720148446448885701001277560572526947619392551574490839286458454994488665744991822837769918095117129546414124448777033941223565831420390846864429504774477949153794689948747680362212954278693335653935890352619041936727463717926744868338358149568368643403037768649616778526013610493696186055899318268339432671541328195724261329606699831016666359440874843103020666106568222401047720269951530296879490444224546654729111504346660859907296364097126834834235287147",
-         "1487259134814709264092032648525971038895865645148901180585340454985524155135260217788758027400478312256339496385275012465661575576202252063145698732079880294664220579764848767704076761853197216563262660046602703973050798218246170835962005598561669706844469447435461092542265792444947706769615695252256130901271870341005768912974433684521436211263358097522726462083917939091760026658925757076733484173202927141441492573799914240222628795405623953109131594523623353044898339481494120112723445689647986475279242446083151413667587008191682564376412347964146113898565886683139407005941383669325997475076910488086663256335689181157957571445067490187939553165903773554290260531009121879044170766615232300936675369451260747671432073394867530820527479172464106442450727640226503746586340279816318821395210726268291535648506190714616083163403189943334431056876038286530365757187367147446004855912033137386225053275419626102417236133948503",
-         "1095121115716677802856811290392395128588168592409109494900178008967955253005183831872715423151551999734857184538199864469605657805519106717529655044054833197687459782636297255219742994736751541815269727940751860670268774903340296040006114013971309257028332849679096824800250742691718610670812374272414086863715763724622797509437062518082383056050144624962776302147890521249477060215148275163688301275847155316042279405557632639366066847442861422164832655874655824221577849928863023018366835675399949740429332468186340518172487073360822220449055340582568461568645259954873303616953776393853174845132081121976327462740354930744487429617202585015510744298530101547706821590188733515880733527449780963163909830077616357506845523215289297624086914545378511082534229620116563260168494523906566709418166011112754529766183554579321224940951177394088465596712620076240067370589036924024728375076210477267488679008016579588696191194060127319035195370137160936882402244399699172017835144537488486396906144217720028992863941288217185353914991583400421682751000603596655790990815525126154394344641336397793791497068253936771017031980867706707490224041075826337383538651825493679503771934836094655802776331664261631740148281763487765852746577808019633679",
+	 /* DR moduli */
+	 "14059105607947488696282932836518693308967803494693489478439861164411992439598399594747002144074658928593502845729752797260025831423419686528151609940203368612079",
+	 "101745825697019260773923519755878567461315282017759829107608914364075275235254395622580447400994175578963163918967182013639660669771108475957692810857098847138903161308502419410142185759152435680068435915159402496058513611411688900243039",
+	 "736335108039604595805923406147184530889923370574768772191969612422073040099331944991573923112581267542507986451953227192970402893063850485730703075899286013451337291468249027691733891486704001513279827771740183629161065194874727962517148100775228363421083691764065477590823919364012917984605619526140821797602431",
+	 "38564998830736521417281865696453025806593491967131023221754800625044118265468851210705360385717536794615180260494208076605798671660719333199513807806252394423283413430106003596332513246682903994829528690198205120921557533726473585751382193953592127439965050261476810842071573684505878854588706623484573925925903505747545471088867712185004135201289273405614415899438276535626346098904241020877974002916168099951885406379295536200413493190419727789712076165162175783",
+	 "542189391331696172661670440619180536749994166415993334151601745392193484590296600979602378676624808129613777993466242203025054573692562689251250471628358318743978285860720148446448885701001277560572526947619392551574490839286458454994488665744991822837769918095117129546414124448777033941223565831420390846864429504774477949153794689948747680362212954278693335653935890352619041936727463717926744868338358149568368643403037768649616778526013610493696186055899318268339432671541328195724261329606699831016666359440874843103020666106568222401047720269951530296879490444224546654729111504346660859907296364097126834834235287147",
+	 "1487259134814709264092032648525971038895865645148901180585340454985524155135260217788758027400478312256339496385275012465661575576202252063145698732079880294664220579764848767704076761853197216563262660046602703973050798218246170835962005598561669706844469447435461092542265792444947706769615695252256130901271870341005768912974433684521436211263358097522726462083917939091760026658925757076733484173202927141441492573799914240222628795405623953109131594523623353044898339481494120112723445689647986475279242446083151413667587008191682564376412347964146113898565886683139407005941383669325997475076910488086663256335689181157957571445067490187939553165903773554290260531009121879044170766615232300936675369451260747671432073394867530820527479172464106442450727640226503746586340279816318821395210726268291535648506190714616083163403189943334431056876038286530365757187367147446004855912033137386225053275419626102417236133948503",
+	 "1095121115716677802856811290392395128588168592409109494900178008967955253005183831872715423151551999734857184538199864469605657805519106717529655044054833197687459782636297255219742994736751541815269727940751860670268774903340296040006114013971309257028332849679096824800250742691718610670812374272414086863715763724622797509437062518082383056050144624962776302147890521249477060215148275163688301275847155316042279405557632639366066847442861422164832655874655824221577849928863023018366835675399949740429332468186340518172487073360822220449055340582568461568645259954873303616953776393853174845132081121976327462740354930744487429617202585015510744298530101547706821590188733515880733527449780963163909830077616357506845523215289297624086914545378511082534229620116563260168494523906566709418166011112754529766183554579321224940951177394088465596712620076240067370589036924024728375076210477267488679008016579588696191194060127319035195370137160936882402244399699172017835144537488486396906144217720028992863941288217185353914991583400421682751000603596655790990815525126154394344641336397793791497068253936771017031980867706707490224041075826337383538651825493679503771934836094655802776331664261631740148281763487765852746577808019633679",

-         /* generic unrestricted moduli */
-         "17933601194860113372237070562165128350027320072176844226673287945873370751245439587792371960615073855669274087805055507977323024886880985062002853331424203",
-         "2893527720709661239493896562339544088620375736490408468011883030469939904368086092336458298221245707898933583190713188177399401852627749210994595974791782790253946539043962213027074922559572312141181787434278708783207966459019479487",
-         "347743159439876626079252796797422223177535447388206607607181663903045907591201940478223621722118173270898487582987137708656414344685816179420855160986340457973820182883508387588163122354089264395604796675278966117567294812714812796820596564876450716066283126720010859041484786529056457896367683122960411136319",
-         "47266428956356393164697365098120418976400602706072312735924071745438532218237979333351774907308168340693326687317443721193266215155735814510792148768576498491199122744351399489453533553203833318691678263241941706256996197460424029012419012634671862283532342656309677173602509498417976091509154360039893165037637034737020327399910409885798185771003505320583967737293415979917317338985837385734747478364242020380416892056650841470869294527543597349250299539682430605173321029026555546832473048600327036845781970289288898317888427517364945316709081173840186150794397479045034008257793436817683392375274635794835245695887",
-         "436463808505957768574894870394349739623346440601945961161254440072143298152040105676491048248110146278752857839930515766167441407021501229924721335644557342265864606569000117714935185566842453630868849121480179691838399545644365571106757731317371758557990781880691336695584799313313687287468894148823761785582982549586183756806449017542622267874275103877481475534991201849912222670102069951687572917937634467778042874315463238062009202992087620963771759666448266532858079402669920025224220613419441069718482837399612644978839925207109870840278194042158748845445131729137117098529028886770063736487420613144045836803985635654192482395882603511950547826439092832800532152534003936926017612446606135655146445620623395788978726744728503058670046885876251527122350275750995227",
-         "11424167473351836398078306042624362277956429440521137061889702611766348760692206243140413411077394583180726863277012016602279290144126785129569474909173584789822341986742719230331946072730319555984484911716797058875905400999504305877245849119687509023232790273637466821052576859232452982061831009770786031785669030271542286603956118755585683996118896215213488875253101894663403069677745948305893849505434201763745232895780711972432011344857521691017896316861403206449421332243658855453435784006517202894181640562433575390821384210960117518650374602256601091379644034244332285065935413233557998331562749140202965844219336298970011513882564935538704289446968322281451907487362046511461221329799897350993370560697505809686438782036235372137015731304779072430260986460269894522159103008260495503005267165927542949439526272736586626709581721032189532726389643625590680105784844246152702670169304203783072275089194754889511973916207",
-         "1214855636816562637502584060163403830270705000634713483015101384881871978446801224798536155406895823305035467591632531067547890948695117172076954220727075688048751022421198712032848890056357845974246560748347918630050853933697792254955890439720297560693579400297062396904306270145886830719309296352765295712183040773146419022875165382778007040109957609739589875590885701126197906063620133954893216612678838507540777138437797705602453719559017633986486649523611975865005712371194067612263330335590526176087004421363598470302731349138773205901447704682181517904064735636518462452242791676541725292378925568296858010151852326316777511935037531017413910506921922450666933202278489024521263798482237150056835746454842662048692127173834433089016107854491097456725016327709663199738238442164843147132789153725513257167915555162094970853584447993125488607696008169807374736711297007473812256272245489405898470297178738029484459690836250560495461579533254473316340608217876781986188705928270735695752830825527963838355419762516246028680280988020401914551825487349990306976304093109384451438813251211051597392127491464898797406789175453067960072008590614886532333015881171367104445044718144312416815712216611576221546455968770801413440778423979",
-         NULL
+	 /* generic unrestricted moduli */
+	 "17933601194860113372237070562165128350027320072176844226673287945873370751245439587792371960615073855669274087805055507977323024886880985062002853331424203",
+	 "2893527720709661239493896562339544088620375736490408468011883030469939904368086092336458298221245707898933583190713188177399401852627749210994595974791782790253946539043962213027074922559572312141181787434278708783207966459019479487",
+	 "347743159439876626079252796797422223177535447388206607607181663903045907591201940478223621722118173270898487582987137708656414344685816179420855160986340457973820182883508387588163122354089264395604796675278966117567294812714812796820596564876450716066283126720010859041484786529056457896367683122960411136319",
+	 "47266428956356393164697365098120418976400602706072312735924071745438532218237979333351774907308168340693326687317443721193266215155735814510792148768576498491199122744351399489453533553203833318691678263241941706256996197460424029012419012634671862283532342656309677173602509498417976091509154360039893165037637034737020327399910409885798185771003505320583967737293415979917317338985837385734747478364242020380416892056650841470869294527543597349250299539682430605173321029026555546832473048600327036845781970289288898317888427517364945316709081173840186150794397479045034008257793436817683392375274635794835245695887",
+	 "436463808505957768574894870394349739623346440601945961161254440072143298152040105676491048248110146278752857839930515766167441407021501229924721335644557342265864606569000117714935185566842453630868849121480179691838399545644365571106757731317371758557990781880691336695584799313313687287468894148823761785582982549586183756806449017542622267874275103877481475534991201849912222670102069951687572917937634467778042874315463238062009202992087620963771759666448266532858079402669920025224220613419441069718482837399612644978839925207109870840278194042158748845445131729137117098529028886770063736487420613144045836803985635654192482395882603511950547826439092832800532152534003936926017612446606135655146445620623395788978726744728503058670046885876251527122350275750995227",
+	 "11424167473351836398078306042624362277956429440521137061889702611766348760692206243140413411077394583180726863277012016602279290144126785129569474909173584789822341986742719230331946072730319555984484911716797058875905400999504305877245849119687509023232790273637466821052576859232452982061831009770786031785669030271542286603956118755585683996118896215213488875253101894663403069677745948305893849505434201763745232895780711972432011344857521691017896316861403206449421332243658855453435784006517202894181640562433575390821384210960117518650374602256601091379644034244332285065935413233557998331562749140202965844219336298970011513882564935538704289446968322281451907487362046511461221329799897350993370560697505809686438782036235372137015731304779072430260986460269894522159103008260495503005267165927542949439526272736586626709581721032189532726389643625590680105784844246152702670169304203783072275089194754889511973916207",
+	 "1214855636816562637502584060163403830270705000634713483015101384881871978446801224798536155406895823305035467591632531067547890948695117172076954220727075688048751022421198712032848890056357845974246560748347918630050853933697792254955890439720297560693579400297062396904306270145886830719309296352765295712183040773146419022875165382778007040109957609739589875590885701126197906063620133954893216612678838507540777138437797705602453719559017633986486649523611975865005712371194067612263330335590526176087004421363598470302731349138773205901447704682181517904064735636518462452242791676541725292378925568296858010151852326316777511935037531017413910506921922450666933202278489024521263798482237150056835746454842662048692127173834433089016107854491097456725016327709663199738238442164843147132789153725513257167915555162094970853584447993125488607696008169807374736711297007473812256272245489405898470297178738029484459690836250560495461579533254473316340608217876781986188705928270735695752830825527963838355419762516246028680280988020401914551825487349990306976304093109384451438813251211051597392127491464898797406789175453067960072008590614886532333015881171367104445044718144312416815712216611576221546455968770801413440778423979",
+	 NULL
      };
-   log = fopen("logs/expt.log", "w");
-   logb = fopen("logs/expt_dr.log", "w");
-   logc = fopen("logs/expt_2k.log", "w");
-   for (n = 0; primes[n]; n++) {
-      SLEEP;
-      mp_read_radix(&a, primes[n], 10);
-      mp_zero(&b);
-      for (rr = 0; rr < (unsigned)mp_count_bits(&a); rr++) {
-         mp_mul_2(&b, &b);
-         b.dp[0] |= lbit();
-         b.used  += 1;
+      log = fopen("logs/expt.log", "w");
+      logb = fopen("logs/expt_dr.log", "w");
+      logc = fopen("logs/expt_2k.log", "w");
+      logd = fopen("logs/expt_2kl.log", "w");
+      for (n = 0; primes[n]; n++) {
+	 SLEEP;
+	 mp_read_radix(&a, primes[n], 10);
+	 mp_zero(&b);
+	 for (rr = 0; rr < (unsigned) mp_count_bits(&a); rr++) {
+	    mp_mul_2(&b, &b);
+	    b.dp[0] |= lbit();
+	    b.used += 1;
+	 }
+	 mp_sub_d(&a, 1, &c);
+	 mp_mod(&b, &c, &b);
+	 mp_set(&c, 3);
+	 rr = 0;
+	 tt = -1;
+	 do {
+	    gg = TIMFUNC();
+	    DO(mp_exptmod(&c, &b, &a, &d));
+	    gg = (TIMFUNC() - gg) >> 1;
+	    if (tt > gg)
+	       tt = gg;
+	 } while (++rr < 10);
+	 mp_sub_d(&a, 1, &e);
+	 mp_sub(&e, &b, &b);
+	 mp_exptmod(&c, &b, &a, &e);	/* c^(p-1-b) mod a */
+	 mp_mulmod(&e, &d, &a, &d);	/* c^b * c^(p-1-b) == c^p-1 == 1 */
+	 if (mp_cmp_d(&d, 1)) {
+	    printf("Different (%d)!!!\n", mp_count_bits(&a));
+	    draw(&d);
+	    exit(0);
+	 }
+	 printf("Exponentiating\t%4d-bit => %9llu/sec, %9llu cycles\n",
+		mp_count_bits(&a), CLK_PER_SEC / tt, tt);
+	 fprintf(n < 4 ? logd : (n < 9) ? logc : (n < 16) ? logb : log,
+		 "%d %9llu\n", mp_count_bits(&a), tt);
      }
-      mp_sub_d(&a, 1, &c);
-      mp_mod(&b, &c, &b);
-      mp_set(&c, 3);
-         rr = 0;
-         tt = -1;
-         do {
-            gg = TIMFUNC();
-            DO(mp_exptmod(&c, &b, &a, &d));
-            gg = (TIMFUNC() - gg)>>1;
-            if (tt > gg) tt = gg;
-         } while (++rr < 10);
-      mp_sub_d(&a, 1, &e);
-      mp_sub(&e, &b, &b);
-      mp_exptmod(&c, &b, &a, &e);  /* c^(p-1-b) mod a */
-      mp_mulmod(&e, &d, &a, &d);   /* c^b * c^(p-1-b) == c^p-1 == 1 */
-      if (mp_cmp_d(&d, 1)) {
-         printf("Different (%d)!!!\n", mp_count_bits(&a));
-         draw(&d);
-         exit(0);
-      }
-      printf("Exponentiating\t%4d-bit => %9llu/sec, %9llu cycles\n", mp_count_bits(&a), CLK_PER_SEC/tt, tt);
-      fprintf((n < 6) ? logc : (n < 13) ? logb : log, "%d %9llu\n", mp_count_bits(&a), tt);
-   }
   }
   fclose(log);
   fclose(logb);
   fclose(logc);
+   fclose(logd);

   log = fopen("logs/invmod.log", "w");
   for (cnt = 4; cnt <= 128; cnt += 4) {
@ -260,28 +287,29 @@ int main(void)
      mp_rand(&b, cnt);

      do {
-         mp_add_d(&b, 1, &b);
-         mp_gcd(&a, &b, &c);
+	 mp_add_d(&b, 1, &b);
+	 mp_gcd(&a, &b, &c);
      } while (mp_cmp_d(&c, 1) != MP_EQ);

-         rr = 0;
-         tt = -1;
+      rr = 0;
+      tt = -1;
      do {
-         gg = TIMFUNC();
-         DO(mp_invmod(&b, &a, &c));
-         gg = (TIMFUNC() - gg)>>1;
-         if (tt > gg) tt = gg;
+	 gg = TIMFUNC();
+	 DO(mp_invmod(&b, &a, &c));
+	 gg = (TIMFUNC() - gg) >> 1;
+	 if (tt > gg)
+	    tt = gg;
      } while (++rr < 1000);
      mp_mulmod(&b, &c, &a, &d);
      if (mp_cmp_d(&d, 1) != MP_EQ) {
-         printf("Failed to invert\n");
-         return 0;
+	 printf("Failed to invert\n");
+	 return 0;
      }
-      printf("Inverting mod\t%4d-bit => %9llu/sec, %9llu cycles\n", mp_count_bits(&a), CLK_PER_SEC/tt, tt);
-      fprintf(log, "%d %9llu\n", cnt*DIGIT_BIT, tt);
+      printf("Inverting mod\t%4d-bit => %9llu/sec, %9llu cycles\n",
+	     mp_count_bits(&a), CLK_PER_SEC / tt, tt);
+      fprintf(log, "%d %9llu\n", cnt * DIGIT_BIT, tt);
   }
   fclose(log);

   return 0;
 }
-
--- a/dep.pl
+++ b/dep.pl
@ -13,6 +13,8 @@ print CLASS "#if !(defined(LTM1) && defined(LTM2) && defined(LTM3))\n#if defined
 foreach my $filename (glob "bn*.c") {
   my $define = $filename;

+print "Processing $filename\n";
+
   # convert filename to upper case so we can use it as a define 
   $define =~ tr/[a-z]/[A-Z]/;
   $define =~ tr/\./_/;
--- a/etc/tune.c
+++ b/etc/tune.c
@ -10,13 +10,44 @@
 */
 #define TIMES (1UL<<14UL)

+/* RDTSC from Scott Duplichan */
+static ulong64 TIMFUNC (void)
+   {
+   #if defined __GNUC__
+      #if defined(__i386__) || defined(__x86_64__)
+         unsigned long long a;
+         __asm__ __volatile__ ("rdtsc\nmovl %%eax,%0\nmovl %%edx,4+%0\n"::"m"(a):"%eax","%edx");
+         return a;
+      #else /* gcc-IA64 version */
+         unsigned long result;
+         __asm__ __volatile__("mov %0=ar.itc" : "=r"(result) :: "memory");
+         while (__builtin_expect ((int) result == -1, 0))
+         __asm__ __volatile__("mov %0=ar.itc" : "=r"(result) :: "memory");
+         return result;
+      #endif
+
+   // Microsoft and Intel Windows compilers
+   #elif defined _M_IX86
+     __asm rdtsc
+   #elif defined _M_AMD64
+     return __rdtsc ();
+   #elif defined _M_IA64
+     #if defined __INTEL_COMPILER
+       #include <ia64intrin.h>
+     #endif
+      return __getReg (3116);
+   #else
+     #error need rdtsc function for this build
+   #endif
+   }
+

 #ifndef X86_TIMER

 /* generic ISO C timer */
 ulong64 LBL_T;
-void t_start(void) { LBL_T = clock(); }
-ulong64 t_read(void) { return clock() - LBL_T; }
+void t_start(void) { LBL_T = TIMFUNC(); }
+ulong64 t_read(void) { return TIMFUNC() - LBL_T; }

 #else
 extern void t_start(void);
--- a/logs/add.log
+++ b/logs/add.log
@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-480        88
-960       113
-1440       138
-1920       163
-2400       202
-2880       226
-3360       251
+480        87
+960       111
+1440       135
+1920       159
+2400       200
+2880       224
+3360       248
 3840       272
 4320       296
 4800       320
--- a/logs/expt.log
+++ b/logs/expt.log
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-513   1499509
-769   3682671
-1025   8098887
-2049  49332743
-2561  89647783
-3073 149440713
-4097 326135364
+513   1489160
+769   3688476
+1025   8162061
+2049  49260015
+2561  89579052
+3073 148797060
+4097 324449263
--- a/logs/expt_2k.log
+++ b/logs/expt_2k.log
@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
-521   1423346
-607   1841305
-1279   8375656
-2203  34104708
-3217  83830729
-4253 167916804
+607   2272809
+1279   9557382
+2203  36250309
+3217  87666486
+4253 174168369
--- a/logs/expt_2kl.log
+++ b/logs/expt_2kl.log
@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+1024   6954080
+2048  35993987
+4096 176068521
+521   1683720
--- a/logs/expt_dr.log
+++ b/logs/expt_dr.log
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-532   1803110
-784   3607375
-1036   6089790
-1540  14739797
-2072  33251589
-3080  82794331
-4116 165212734
+532   1989592
+784   3898697
+1036   6519700
+1540  15676650
+2072  33128187
+3080  82963362
+4116 168358337
--- a/logs/mult.log
+++ b/logs/mult.log
@ -1,143 +1,84 @@
-271       580
-390       861
-511      1177
-630      1598
-749      2115
-871      2670
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-1351      5474
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+10228    203298
--- a/logs/mult_kara.log
+++ b/logs/mult_kara.log
@ -1,33 +1,84 @@
-924     16686
-1146     25334
-1371     35304
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--- a/logs/sqr.log
+++ b/logs/sqr.log
@ -1,143 +1,84 @@
-271       552
-389       883
-510      1191
-629      1572
-750      1996
-863      2428
-991      2891
-1108      3539
-1231      4182
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-16590   1027834
-16710   1043032
-16831   1056394
-16951   1071408
-17069   1097263
-17191   1113364
-17306   1123650
+265       562
+389       882
+509      1207
+631      1572
+750      1990
+859      2433
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+1230      4228
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+1471      5805
+1591      6579
+1709      7415
+1829      8329
+1949      9225
+2071     10139
+2188     11239
+2309     12178
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+2551     14294
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+2911     17718
+3030     18876
+3150     20259
+3270     21374
+3391     22650
+3511     23948
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+3870     28225
+3989     29705
+4110     31409
+4230     32834
+4351     34327
+4471     35818
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+4711     39228
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+5191     46269
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+5548     51985
+5671     53948
+5791     55885
+5910     57584
+6031     60082
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+7711    225384
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+9631    348986
+9749    356904
+9871    367013
+9989    373831
+10108    381033
+10230    393475
--- a/logs/sqr_kara.log
+++ b/logs/sqr_kara.log
@ -1,33 +1,84 @@
-922     11272
-1148     16004
-1370     21958
-1596     28684
-1817     37832
-2044     46386
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-6748    387832
-6971    413010
-7194    453310
-7415    476936
-7643    497118
-7867    521394
-8091    540224
+271       560
+388       878
+511      1179
+629      1625
+751      1988
+871      2423
+989      2896
+1111      3561
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+1591      6556
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+1831      8263
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+2310     12167
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+2788     16525
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+6031     60084
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+6270     64295
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+7711     91352
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+8071     98691
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+8431    105222
+8550    108343
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+8787    112764
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+9031    117690
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+9391    124624
+9510    127937
+9630    130313
+9750    132914
+9871    136129
+9991    138517
+10108    141525
+10231    144225
--- a/logs/sub.log
+++ b/logs/sub.log
@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
-480        87
-960       114
-1440       139
-1920       159
-2400       204
-2880       228
-3360       250
-3840       273
-4320       300
+480        94
+960       116
+1440       140
+1920       164
+2400       205
+2880       229
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+4320       299
 4800       321
-5280       348
-5760       370
-6240       393
-6720       420
-7200       444
-7680       466
+5280       345
+5760       371
+6240       395
+6720       419
+7200       441
+7680       465
--- a/6
+++ b/6
@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 #Tom St Denis

 #version of library 
-VERSION=0.33
+VERSION=0.34

 CFLAGS  +=  -I./ -Wall -W -Wshadow -Wsign-compare

@ -57,11 +57,13 @@ bn_mp_prime_is_prime.o bn_mp_prime_next_prime.o bn_mp_dr_reduce.o \
 bn_mp_dr_is_modulus.o bn_mp_dr_setup.o bn_mp_reduce_setup.o \
 bn_mp_toom_mul.o bn_mp_toom_sqr.o bn_mp_div_3.o bn_s_mp_exptmod.o \
 bn_mp_reduce_2k.o bn_mp_reduce_is_2k.o bn_mp_reduce_2k_setup.o \
+bn_mp_reduce_2k_l.o bn_mp_reduce_is_2k_l.o bn_mp_reduce_2k_setup_l.o \
 bn_mp_radix_smap.o bn_mp_read_radix.o bn_mp_toradix.o bn_mp_radix_size.o \
 bn_mp_fread.o bn_mp_fwrite.o bn_mp_cnt_lsb.o bn_error.o \
 bn_mp_init_multi.o bn_mp_clear_multi.o bn_mp_exteuclid.o bn_mp_toradix_n.o \
 bn_mp_prime_random_ex.o bn_mp_get_int.o bn_mp_sqrt.o bn_mp_is_square.o bn_mp_init_set.o \
-bn_mp_init_set_int.o bn_mp_invmod_slow.o bn_mp_prime_rabin_miller_trials.o
+bn_mp_init_set_int.o bn_mp_invmod_slow.o bn_mp_prime_rabin_miller_trials.o \
+bn_mp_to_signed_bin_n.o bn_mp_to_unsigned_bin_n.o

 libtommath.a:  $(OBJECTS)
 	$(AR) $(ARFLAGS) libtommath.a $(OBJECTS)
--- a/makefile.bcc
+++ b/makefile.bcc
@ -27,11 +27,13 @@ bn_mp_prime_is_prime.obj bn_mp_prime_next_prime.obj bn_mp_dr_reduce.obj \
 bn_mp_dr_is_modulus.obj bn_mp_dr_setup.obj bn_mp_reduce_setup.obj \
 bn_mp_toom_mul.obj bn_mp_toom_sqr.obj bn_mp_div_3.obj bn_s_mp_exptmod.obj \
 bn_mp_reduce_2k.obj bn_mp_reduce_is_2k.obj bn_mp_reduce_2k_setup.obj \
+bn_mp_reduce_2k_l.obj bn_mp_reduce_is_2k_l.obj bn_mp_reduce_2k_setup_l.obj \
 bn_mp_radix_smap.obj bn_mp_read_radix.obj bn_mp_toradix.obj bn_mp_radix_size.obj \
 bn_mp_fread.obj bn_mp_fwrite.obj bn_mp_cnt_lsb.obj bn_error.obj \
 bn_mp_init_multi.obj bn_mp_clear_multi.obj bn_mp_exteuclid.obj bn_mp_toradix_n.obj \
 bn_mp_prime_random_ex.obj bn_mp_get_int.obj bn_mp_sqrt.obj bn_mp_is_square.obj \
-bn_mp_init_set.obj bn_mp_init_set_int.obj bn_mp_invmod_slow.obj bn_mp_prime_rabin_miller_trials.obj
+bn_mp_init_set.obj bn_mp_init_set_int.obj bn_mp_invmod_slow.obj bn_mp_prime_rabin_miller_trials.obj \
+bn_mp_to_signed_bin_n.obj bn_mp_to_unsigned_bin_n.obj

 TARGET = libtommath.lib

--- a/makefile.cygwin_dll
+++ b/makefile.cygwin_dll
@ -32,11 +32,13 @@ bn_mp_prime_is_prime.o bn_mp_prime_next_prime.o bn_mp_dr_reduce.o \
 bn_mp_dr_is_modulus.o bn_mp_dr_setup.o bn_mp_reduce_setup.o \
 bn_mp_toom_mul.o bn_mp_toom_sqr.o bn_mp_div_3.o bn_s_mp_exptmod.o \
 bn_mp_reduce_2k.o bn_mp_reduce_is_2k.o bn_mp_reduce_2k_setup.o \
+bn_mp_reduce_2k_l.o bn_mp_reduce_is_2k_l.o bn_mp_reduce_2k_setup_l.o \
 bn_mp_radix_smap.o bn_mp_read_radix.o bn_mp_toradix.o bn_mp_radix_size.o \
 bn_mp_fread.o bn_mp_fwrite.o bn_mp_cnt_lsb.o bn_error.o \
 bn_mp_init_multi.o bn_mp_clear_multi.o bn_mp_exteuclid.o bn_mp_toradix_n.o \
 bn_mp_prime_random_ex.o bn_mp_get_int.o bn_mp_sqrt.o bn_mp_is_square.o bn_mp_init_set.o \
-bn_mp_init_set_int.o bn_mp_invmod_slow.o bn_mp_prime_rabin_miller_trials.o
+bn_mp_init_set_int.o bn_mp_invmod_slow.o bn_mp_prime_rabin_miller_trials.o \
+bn_mp_to_signed_bin_n.o bn_mp_to_unsigned_bin_n.o

 # make a Windows DLL via Cygwin
 windll:  $(OBJECTS)
--- a/makefile.icc
+++ b/makefile.icc
@ -59,11 +59,13 @@ bn_mp_prime_is_prime.o bn_mp_prime_next_prime.o bn_mp_dr_reduce.o \
 bn_mp_dr_is_modulus.o bn_mp_dr_setup.o bn_mp_reduce_setup.o \
 bn_mp_toom_mul.o bn_mp_toom_sqr.o bn_mp_div_3.o bn_s_mp_exptmod.o \
 bn_mp_reduce_2k.o bn_mp_reduce_is_2k.o bn_mp_reduce_2k_setup.o \
+bn_mp_reduce_2k_l.o bn_mp_reduce_is_2k_l.o bn_mp_reduce_2k_setup_l.o \
 bn_mp_radix_smap.o bn_mp_read_radix.o bn_mp_toradix.o bn_mp_radix_size.o \
 bn_mp_fread.o bn_mp_fwrite.o bn_mp_cnt_lsb.o bn_error.o \
 bn_mp_init_multi.o bn_mp_clear_multi.o bn_mp_exteuclid.o bn_mp_toradix_n.o \
 bn_mp_prime_random_ex.o bn_mp_get_int.o bn_mp_sqrt.o bn_mp_is_square.o bn_mp_init_set.o \
-bn_mp_init_set_int.o bn_mp_invmod_slow.o bn_mp_prime_rabin_miller_trials.o
+bn_mp_init_set_int.o bn_mp_invmod_slow.o bn_mp_prime_rabin_miller_trials.o \
+bn_mp_to_signed_bin_n.o bn_mp_to_unsigned_bin_n.o

 libtommath.a:  $(OBJECTS)
 	$(AR) $(ARFLAGS) libtommath.a $(OBJECTS)
--- a/makefile.msvc
+++ b/makefile.msvc
@ -26,11 +26,13 @@ bn_mp_prime_is_prime.obj bn_mp_prime_next_prime.obj bn_mp_dr_reduce.obj \
 bn_mp_dr_is_modulus.obj bn_mp_dr_setup.obj bn_mp_reduce_setup.obj \
 bn_mp_toom_mul.obj bn_mp_toom_sqr.obj bn_mp_div_3.obj bn_s_mp_exptmod.obj \
 bn_mp_reduce_2k.obj bn_mp_reduce_is_2k.obj bn_mp_reduce_2k_setup.obj \
+bn_mp_reduce_2k_l.obj bn_mp_reduce_is_2k_l.obj bn_mp_reduce_2k_setup_l.obj \
 bn_mp_radix_smap.obj bn_mp_read_radix.obj bn_mp_toradix.obj bn_mp_radix_size.obj \
 bn_mp_fread.obj bn_mp_fwrite.obj bn_mp_cnt_lsb.obj bn_error.obj \
 bn_mp_init_multi.obj bn_mp_clear_multi.obj bn_mp_exteuclid.obj bn_mp_toradix_n.obj \
 bn_mp_prime_random_ex.obj bn_mp_get_int.obj bn_mp_sqrt.obj bn_mp_is_square.obj \
-bn_mp_init_set.obj bn_mp_init_set_int.obj bn_mp_invmod_slow.obj bn_mp_prime_rabin_miller_trials.obj
+bn_mp_init_set.obj bn_mp_init_set_int.obj bn_mp_invmod_slow.obj bn_mp_prime_rabin_miller_trials.obj \
+bn_mp_to_signed_bin_n.obj bn_mp_to_unsigned_bin_n.obj

 library: $(OBJECTS)
 	lib /out:tommath.lib $(OBJECTS)
--- a/makefile.shared
+++ b/makefile.shared
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #Makefile for GCC
 #
 #Tom St Denis
-VERSION=0:33
+VERSION=0:34

 CC = libtool --mode=compile gcc
 CFLAGS  +=  -I./ -Wall -W -Wshadow -Wsign-compare
@ -53,11 +53,14 @@ bn_mp_prime_is_prime.o bn_mp_prime_next_prime.o bn_mp_dr_reduce.o \
 bn_mp_dr_is_modulus.o bn_mp_dr_setup.o bn_mp_reduce_setup.o \
 bn_mp_toom_mul.o bn_mp_toom_sqr.o bn_mp_div_3.o bn_s_mp_exptmod.o \
 bn_mp_reduce_2k.o bn_mp_reduce_is_2k.o bn_mp_reduce_2k_setup.o \
+bn_mp_reduce_2k_l.o bn_mp_reduce_is_2k_l.o bn_mp_reduce_2k_setup_l.o \
 bn_mp_radix_smap.o bn_mp_read_radix.o bn_mp_toradix.o bn_mp_radix_size.o \
 bn_mp_fread.o bn_mp_fwrite.o bn_mp_cnt_lsb.o bn_error.o \
 bn_mp_init_multi.o bn_mp_clear_multi.o bn_mp_exteuclid.o bn_mp_toradix_n.o \
 bn_mp_prime_random_ex.o bn_mp_get_int.o bn_mp_sqrt.o bn_mp_is_square.o bn_mp_init_set.o \
-bn_mp_init_set_int.o bn_mp_invmod_slow.o bn_mp_prime_rabin_miller_trials.o
+bn_mp_init_set_int.o bn_mp_invmod_slow.o bn_mp_prime_rabin_miller_trials.o \
+bn_mp_to_signed_bin_n.o bn_mp_to_unsigned_bin_n.o
+

 libtommath.la:  $(OBJECTS)
 	libtool --mode=link gcc *.lo -o libtommath.la -rpath $(LIBPATH) -version-info $(VERSION)
--- a/poster.pdf
+++ b/poster.pdf
--- a/pre_gen/mpi.c
+++ b/pre_gen/mpi.c
@ -69,8 +69,7 @@ char *mp_error_to_string(int code)
 * Based on slow invmod except this is optimized for the case where b is 
 * odd as per HAC Note 14.64 on pp. 610
 */
-int
-fast_mp_invmod (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c)
+int fast_mp_invmod (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c)
 {
  mp_int  x, y, u, v, B, D;
  int     res, neg;
@ -220,8 +219,7 @@ LBL_ERR:mp_clear_multi (&x, &y, &u, &v, &B, &D, NULL);
 *
 * Based on Algorithm 14.32 on pp.601 of HAC.
 */
-int
-fast_mp_montgomery_reduce (mp_int * x, mp_int * n, mp_digit rho)
+int fast_mp_montgomery_reduce (mp_int * x, mp_int * n, mp_digit rho)
 {
  int     ix, res, olduse;
  mp_word W[MP_WARRAY];
@ -401,8 +399,7 @@ fast_mp_montgomery_reduce (mp_int * x, mp_int * n, mp_digit rho)
 * Based on Algorithm 14.12 on pp.595 of HAC.
 *
 */
-int
-fast_s_mp_mul_digs (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c, int digs)
+int fast_s_mp_mul_digs (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c, int digs)
 {
  int     olduse, res, pa, ix, iz;
  mp_digit W[MP_WARRAY];
@ -451,7 +448,7 @@ fast_s_mp_mul_digs (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c, int digs)
  }

  /* store final carry */
-  W[ix] = _W;
+  W[ix] = _W & MP_MASK;

  /* setup dest */
  olduse  = c->used;
@ -504,8 +501,7 @@ fast_s_mp_mul_digs (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c, int digs)
 *
 * Based on Algorithm 14.12 on pp.595 of HAC.
 */
-int
-fast_s_mp_mul_high_digs (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c, int digs)
+int fast_s_mp_mul_high_digs (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c, int digs)
 {
  int     olduse, res, pa, ix, iz;
  mp_digit W[MP_WARRAY];
@ -552,7 +548,7 @@ fast_s_mp_mul_high_digs (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c, int digs)
  }
  
  /* store final carry */
-  W[ix] = _W;
+  W[ix] = _W & MP_MASK;

  /* setup dest */
  olduse  = c->used;
@ -683,7 +679,7 @@ int fast_s_mp_sqr (mp_int * a, mp_int * b)
      }

      /* store it */
-      W[ix] = _W;
+      W[ix] = _W & MP_MASK;

      /* make next carry */
      W1 = _W >> ((mp_word)DIGIT_BIT);
@ -2467,21 +2463,29 @@ int mp_exptmod (mp_int * G, mp_int * X, mp_int * P, mp_int * Y)
 #endif
  }

+/* modified diminished radix reduction */
+#if defined(BN_MP_REDUCE_IS_2K_L_C) && defined(BN_MP_REDUCE_2K_L_C)
+  if (mp_reduce_is_2k_l(P) == MP_YES) {
+     return s_mp_exptmod(G, X, P, Y, 1);
+  }
+#endif
+
 #ifdef BN_MP_DR_IS_MODULUS_C
  /* is it a DR modulus? */
  dr = mp_dr_is_modulus(P);
 #else
+  /* default to no */
  dr = 0;
 #endif

 #ifdef BN_MP_REDUCE_IS_2K_C
-  /* if not, is it a uDR modulus? */
+  /* if not, is it a unrestricted DR modulus? */
  if (dr == 0) {
     dr = mp_reduce_is_2k(P) << 1;
  }
 #endif
    
-  /* if the modulus is odd or dr != 0 use the fast method */
+  /* if the modulus is odd or dr != 0 use the montgomery method */
 #ifdef BN_MP_EXPTMOD_FAST_C
  if (mp_isodd (P) == 1 || dr !=  0) {
    return mp_exptmod_fast (G, X, P, Y, dr);
@ -2489,7 +2493,7 @@ int mp_exptmod (mp_int * G, mp_int * X, mp_int * P, mp_int * Y)
 #endif
 #ifdef BN_S_MP_EXPTMOD_C
    /* otherwise use the generic Barrett reduction technique */
-    return s_mp_exptmod (G, X, P, Y);
+    return s_mp_exptmod (G, X, P, Y, 0);
 #else
    /* no exptmod for evens */
    return MP_VAL;
@ -2535,8 +2539,7 @@ int mp_exptmod (mp_int * G, mp_int * X, mp_int * P, mp_int * Y)
   #define TAB_SIZE 256
 #endif

-int
-mp_exptmod_fast (mp_int * G, mp_int * X, mp_int * P, mp_int * Y, int redmode)
+int mp_exptmod_fast (mp_int * G, mp_int * X, mp_int * P, mp_int * Y, int redmode)
 {
  mp_int  M[TAB_SIZE], res;
  mp_digit buf, mp;
@ -4989,8 +4992,9 @@ mp_mul_d (mp_int * a, mp_digit b, mp_int * c)
    u       = (mp_digit) (r >> ((mp_word) DIGIT_BIT));
  }

-  /* store final carry [if any] */
+  /* store final carry [if any] and increment ix offset  */
  *tmpc++ = u;
+  ++ix;

  /* now zero digits above the top */
  while (ix++ < olduse) {
@ -5847,7 +5851,7 @@ int mp_prime_random_ex(mp_int *a, int t, int size, int flags, ltm_prime_callback

   /* calc the maskOR_msb */
   maskOR_msb        = 0;
-   maskOR_msb_offset = (size - 2) >> 3;
+   maskOR_msb_offset = ((size & 7) == 1) ? 1 : 0;
   if (flags & LTM_PRIME_2MSB_ON) {
      maskOR_msb     |= 1 << ((size - 2) & 7);
   } else if (flags & LTM_PRIME_2MSB_OFF) {
@ -5855,7 +5859,7 @@ int mp_prime_random_ex(mp_int *a, int t, int size, int flags, ltm_prime_callback
   } 

   /* get the maskOR_lsb */
-   maskOR_lsb         = 0;
+   maskOR_lsb         = 1;
   if (flags & LTM_PRIME_BBS) {
      maskOR_lsb     |= 3;
   }
@ -6080,7 +6084,7 @@ mp_rand (mp_int * a, int digits)
 */

 /* read a string [ASCII] in a given radix */
-int mp_read_radix (mp_int * a, char *str, int radix)
+int mp_read_radix (mp_int * a, const char *str, int radix)
 {
  int     y, res, neg;
  char    ch;
@ -6263,8 +6267,7 @@ mp_read_unsigned_bin (mp_int * a, unsigned char *b, int c)
 * precomputed via mp_reduce_setup.
 * From HAC pp.604 Algorithm 14.42
 */
-int
-mp_reduce (mp_int * x, mp_int * m, mp_int * mu)
+int mp_reduce (mp_int * x, mp_int * m, mp_int * mu)
 {
  mp_int  q;
  int     res, um = m->used;
@ -6361,8 +6364,7 @@ CLEANUP:
 */

 /* reduces a modulo n where n is of the form 2**p - d */
-int
-mp_reduce_2k(mp_int *a, mp_int *n, mp_digit d)
+int mp_reduce_2k(mp_int *a, mp_int *n, mp_digit d)
 {
   mp_int q;
   int    p, res;
@ -6404,6 +6406,68 @@ ERR:

 /* End: bn_mp_reduce_2k.c */

+/* Start: bn_mp_reduce_2k_l.c */
+#include <tommath.h>
+#ifdef BN_MP_REDUCE_2K_L_C
+/* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
+ *
+ * LibTomMath is a library that provides multiple-precision
+ * integer arithmetic as well as number theoretic functionality.
+ *
+ * The library was designed directly after the MPI library by
+ * Michael Fromberger but has been written from scratch with
+ * additional optimizations in place.
+ *
+ * The library is free for all purposes without any express
+ * guarantee it works.
+ *
+ * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@iahu.ca, http://math.libtomcrypt.org
+ */
+
+/* reduces a modulo n where n is of the form 2**p - d 
+   This differs from reduce_2k since "d" can be larger
+   than a single digit.
+*/
+int mp_reduce_2k_l(mp_int *a, mp_int *n, mp_int *d)
+{
+   mp_int q;
+   int    p, res;
+   
+   if ((res = mp_init(&q)) != MP_OKAY) {
+      return res;
+   }
+   
+   p = mp_count_bits(n);    
+top:
+   /* q = a/2**p, a = a mod 2**p */
+   if ((res = mp_div_2d(a, p, &q, a)) != MP_OKAY) {
+      goto ERR;
+   }
+   
+   /* q = q * d */
+   if ((res = mp_mul(&q, d, &q)) != MP_OKAY) { 
+      goto ERR;
+   }
+   
+   /* a = a + q */
+   if ((res = s_mp_add(a, &q, a)) != MP_OKAY) {
+      goto ERR;
+   }
+   
+   if (mp_cmp_mag(a, n) != MP_LT) {
+      s_mp_sub(a, n, a);
+      goto top;
+   }
+   
+ERR:
+   mp_clear(&q);
+   return res;
+}
+
+#endif
+
+/* End: bn_mp_reduce_2k_l.c */
+
 /* Start: bn_mp_reduce_2k_setup.c */
 #include <tommath.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_REDUCE_2K_SETUP_C
@ -6423,8 +6487,7 @@ ERR:
 */

 /* determines the setup value */
-int 
-mp_reduce_2k_setup(mp_int *a, mp_digit *d)
+int mp_reduce_2k_setup(mp_int *a, mp_digit *d)
 {
   int res, p;
   mp_int tmp;
@ -6452,6 +6515,50 @@ mp_reduce_2k_setup(mp_int *a, mp_digit *d)

 /* End: bn_mp_reduce_2k_setup.c */

+/* Start: bn_mp_reduce_2k_setup_l.c */
+#include <tommath.h>
+#ifdef BN_MP_REDUCE_2K_SETUP_L_C
+/* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
+ *
+ * LibTomMath is a library that provides multiple-precision
+ * integer arithmetic as well as number theoretic functionality.
+ *
+ * The library was designed directly after the MPI library by
+ * Michael Fromberger but has been written from scratch with
+ * additional optimizations in place.
+ *
+ * The library is free for all purposes without any express
+ * guarantee it works.
+ *
+ * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@iahu.ca, http://math.libtomcrypt.org
+ */
+
+/* determines the setup value */
+int mp_reduce_2k_setup_l(mp_int *a, mp_int *d)
+{
+   int    res;
+   mp_int tmp;
+   
+   if ((res = mp_init(&tmp)) != MP_OKAY) {
+      return res;
+   }
+   
+   if ((res = mp_2expt(&tmp, mp_count_bits(a))) != MP_OKAY) {
+      goto ERR;
+   }
+   
+   if ((res = s_mp_sub(&tmp, a, d)) != MP_OKAY) {
+      goto ERR;
+   }
+   
+ERR:
+   mp_clear(&tmp);
+   return res;
+}
+#endif
+
+/* End: bn_mp_reduce_2k_setup_l.c */
+
 /* Start: bn_mp_reduce_is_2k.c */
 #include <tommath.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_REDUCE_IS_2K_C
@ -6477,9 +6584,9 @@ int mp_reduce_is_2k(mp_int *a)
   mp_digit iz;
   
   if (a->used == 0) {
-      return 0;
+      return MP_NO;
   } else if (a->used == 1) {
-      return 1;
+      return MP_YES;
   } else if (a->used > 1) {
      iy = mp_count_bits(a);
      iz = 1;
@ -6488,7 +6595,7 @@ int mp_reduce_is_2k(mp_int *a)
      /* Test every bit from the second digit up, must be 1 */
      for (ix = DIGIT_BIT; ix < iy; ix++) {
          if ((a->dp[iw] & iz) == 0) {
-             return 0;
+             return MP_NO;
          }
          iz <<= 1;
          if (iz > (mp_digit)MP_MASK) {
@ -6497,13 +6604,57 @@ int mp_reduce_is_2k(mp_int *a)
          }
      }
   }
-   return 1;
+   return MP_YES;
 }

 #endif

 /* End: bn_mp_reduce_is_2k.c */

+/* Start: bn_mp_reduce_is_2k_l.c */
+#include <tommath.h>
+#ifdef BN_MP_REDUCE_IS_2K_L_C
+/* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
+ *
+ * LibTomMath is a library that provides multiple-precision
+ * integer arithmetic as well as number theoretic functionality.
+ *
+ * The library was designed directly after the MPI library by
+ * Michael Fromberger but has been written from scratch with
+ * additional optimizations in place.
+ *
+ * The library is free for all purposes without any express
+ * guarantee it works.
+ *
+ * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@iahu.ca, http://math.libtomcrypt.org
+ */
+
+/* determines if reduce_2k_l can be used */
+int mp_reduce_is_2k_l(mp_int *a)
+{
+   int ix, iy;
+   
+   if (a->used == 0) {
+      return MP_NO;
+   } else if (a->used == 1) {
+      return MP_YES;
+   } else if (a->used > 1) {
+      /* if more than half of the digits are -1 we're sold */
+      for (iy = ix = 0; ix < a->used; ix++) {
+          if (a->dp[ix] == MP_MASK) {
+              ++iy;
+          }
+      }
+      return (iy >= (a->used/2)) ? MP_YES : MP_NO;
+      
+   }
+   return MP_NO;
+}
+
+#endif
+
+/* End: bn_mp_reduce_is_2k_l.c */
+
 /* Start: bn_mp_reduce_setup.c */
 #include <tommath.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_REDUCE_SETUP_C
@ -7138,8 +7289,7 @@ mp_submod (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c, mp_int * d)
 */

 /* store in signed [big endian] format */
-int
-mp_to_signed_bin (mp_int * a, unsigned char *b)
+int mp_to_signed_bin (mp_int * a, unsigned char *b)
 {
  int     res;

@ -7153,6 +7303,37 @@ mp_to_signed_bin (mp_int * a, unsigned char *b)

 /* End: bn_mp_to_signed_bin.c */

+/* Start: bn_mp_to_signed_bin_n.c */
+#include <tommath.h>
+#ifdef BN_MP_TO_SIGNED_BIN_N_C
+/* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
+ *
+ * LibTomMath is a library that provides multiple-precision
+ * integer arithmetic as well as number theoretic functionality.
+ *
+ * The library was designed directly after the MPI library by
+ * Michael Fromberger but has been written from scratch with
+ * additional optimizations in place.
+ *
+ * The library is free for all purposes without any express
+ * guarantee it works.
+ *
+ * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@iahu.ca, http://math.libtomcrypt.org
+ */
+
+/* store in signed [big endian] format */
+int mp_to_signed_bin_n (mp_int * a, unsigned char *b, unsigned long *outlen)
+{
+   if (*outlen < (unsigned long)mp_signed_bin_size(a)) {
+      return MP_VAL;
+   }
+   *outlen = mp_signed_bin_size(a);
+   return mp_to_signed_bin(a, b);
+}
+#endif
+
+/* End: bn_mp_to_signed_bin_n.c */
+
 /* Start: bn_mp_to_unsigned_bin.c */
 #include <tommath.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_TO_UNSIGNED_BIN_C
@ -7172,8 +7353,7 @@ mp_to_signed_bin (mp_int * a, unsigned char *b)
 */

 /* store in unsigned [big endian] format */
-int
-mp_to_unsigned_bin (mp_int * a, unsigned char *b)
+int mp_to_unsigned_bin (mp_int * a, unsigned char *b)
 {
  int     x, res;
  mp_int  t;
@ -7202,6 +7382,37 @@ mp_to_unsigned_bin (mp_int * a, unsigned char *b)

 /* End: bn_mp_to_unsigned_bin.c */

+/* Start: bn_mp_to_unsigned_bin_n.c */
+#include <tommath.h>
+#ifdef BN_MP_TO_UNSIGNED_BIN_N_C
+/* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
+ *
+ * LibTomMath is a library that provides multiple-precision
+ * integer arithmetic as well as number theoretic functionality.
+ *
+ * The library was designed directly after the MPI library by
+ * Michael Fromberger but has been written from scratch with
+ * additional optimizations in place.
+ *
+ * The library is free for all purposes without any express
+ * guarantee it works.
+ *
+ * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@iahu.ca, http://math.libtomcrypt.org
+ */
+
+/* store in unsigned [big endian] format */
+int mp_to_unsigned_bin_n (mp_int * a, unsigned char *b, unsigned long *outlen)
+{
+   if (*outlen < (unsigned long)mp_unsigned_bin_size(a)) {
+      return MP_VAL;
+   }
+   *outlen = mp_unsigned_bin_size(a);
+   return mp_to_unsigned_bin(a, b);
+}
+#endif
+
+/* End: bn_mp_to_unsigned_bin_n.c */
+
 /* Start: bn_mp_toom_mul.c */
 #include <tommath.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_TOOM_MUL_C
@ -7894,8 +8105,7 @@ int mp_toradix_n(mp_int * a, char *str, int radix, int maxlen)
 */

 /* get the size for an unsigned equivalent */
-int
-mp_unsigned_bin_size (mp_int * a)
+int mp_unsigned_bin_size (mp_int * a)
 {
  int     size = mp_count_bits (a);
  return (size / 8 + ((size & 7) != 0 ? 1 : 0));
@ -8218,11 +8428,12 @@ s_mp_add (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c)
   #define TAB_SIZE 256
 #endif

-int s_mp_exptmod (mp_int * G, mp_int * X, mp_int * P, mp_int * Y)
+int s_mp_exptmod (mp_int * G, mp_int * X, mp_int * P, mp_int * Y, int redmode)
 {
  mp_int  M[TAB_SIZE], res, mu;
  mp_digit buf;
  int     err, bitbuf, bitcpy, bitcnt, mode, digidx, x, y, winsize;
+  int (*redux)(mp_int*,mp_int*,mp_int*);

  /* find window size */
  x = mp_count_bits (X);
@ -8269,9 +8480,18 @@ int s_mp_exptmod (mp_int * G, mp_int * X, mp_int * P, mp_int * Y)
  if ((err = mp_init (&mu)) != MP_OKAY) {
    goto LBL_M;
  }
-  if ((err = mp_reduce_setup (&mu, P)) != MP_OKAY) {
-    goto LBL_MU;
-  }
+  
+  if (redmode == 0) {
+     if ((err = mp_reduce_setup (&mu, P)) != MP_OKAY) {
+        goto LBL_MU;
+     }
+     redux = mp_reduce;
+  } else {
+     if ((err = mp_reduce_2k_setup_l (P, &mu)) != MP_OKAY) {
+        goto LBL_MU;
+     }
+     redux = mp_reduce_2k_l;
+  }    

  /* create M table
   *
@ -8293,11 +8513,14 @@ int s_mp_exptmod (mp_int * G, mp_int * X, mp_int * P, mp_int * Y)
  }

  for (x = 0; x < (winsize - 1); x++) {
+    /* square it */
    if ((err = mp_sqr (&M[1 << (winsize - 1)], 
                       &M[1 << (winsize - 1)])) != MP_OKAY) {
      goto LBL_MU;
    }
-    if ((err = mp_reduce (&M[1 << (winsize - 1)], P, &mu)) != MP_OKAY) {
+
+    /* reduce modulo P */
+    if ((err = redux (&M[1 << (winsize - 1)], P, &mu)) != MP_OKAY) {
      goto LBL_MU;
    }
  }
@ -8309,7 +8532,7 @@ int s_mp_exptmod (mp_int * G, mp_int * X, mp_int * P, mp_int * Y)
    if ((err = mp_mul (&M[x - 1], &M[1], &M[x])) != MP_OKAY) {
      goto LBL_MU;
    }
-    if ((err = mp_reduce (&M[x], P, &mu)) != MP_OKAY) {
+    if ((err = redux (&M[x], P, &mu)) != MP_OKAY) {
      goto LBL_MU;
    }
  }
@ -8358,7 +8581,7 @@ int s_mp_exptmod (mp_int * G, mp_int * X, mp_int * P, mp_int * Y)
      if ((err = mp_sqr (&res, &res)) != MP_OKAY) {
        goto LBL_RES;
      }
-      if ((err = mp_reduce (&res, P, &mu)) != MP_OKAY) {
+      if ((err = redux (&res, P, &mu)) != MP_OKAY) {
        goto LBL_RES;
      }
      continue;
@ -8375,7 +8598,7 @@ int s_mp_exptmod (mp_int * G, mp_int * X, mp_int * P, mp_int * Y)
        if ((err = mp_sqr (&res, &res)) != MP_OKAY) {
          goto LBL_RES;
        }
-        if ((err = mp_reduce (&res, P, &mu)) != MP_OKAY) {
+        if ((err = redux (&res, P, &mu)) != MP_OKAY) {
          goto LBL_RES;
        }
      }
@ -8384,7 +8607,7 @@ int s_mp_exptmod (mp_int * G, mp_int * X, mp_int * P, mp_int * Y)
      if ((err = mp_mul (&res, &M[bitbuf], &res)) != MP_OKAY) {
        goto LBL_RES;
      }
-      if ((err = mp_reduce (&res, P, &mu)) != MP_OKAY) {
+      if ((err = redux (&res, P, &mu)) != MP_OKAY) {
        goto LBL_RES;
      }

@ -8402,7 +8625,7 @@ int s_mp_exptmod (mp_int * G, mp_int * X, mp_int * P, mp_int * Y)
      if ((err = mp_sqr (&res, &res)) != MP_OKAY) {
        goto LBL_RES;
      }
-      if ((err = mp_reduce (&res, P, &mu)) != MP_OKAY) {
+      if ((err = redux (&res, P, &mu)) != MP_OKAY) {
        goto LBL_RES;
      }

@ -8412,7 +8635,7 @@ int s_mp_exptmod (mp_int * G, mp_int * X, mp_int * P, mp_int * Y)
        if ((err = mp_mul (&res, &M[1], &res)) != MP_OKAY) {
          goto LBL_RES;
        }
-        if ((err = mp_reduce (&res, P, &mu)) != MP_OKAY) {
+        if ((err = redux (&res, P, &mu)) != MP_OKAY) {
          goto LBL_RES;
        }
      }
@ -8803,11 +9026,12 @@ s_mp_sub (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c)
 CPU                    /Compiler     /MUL CUTOFF/SQR CUTOFF
 -------------------------------------------------------------
 Intel P4 Northwood     /GCC v3.4.1   /        88/       128/LTM 0.32 ;-)
+ AMD Athlon64           /GCC v3.4.4   /        74/       124/LTM 0.34
 
 */

-int     KARATSUBA_MUL_CUTOFF = 88,      /* Min. number of digits before Karatsuba multiplication is used. */
-        KARATSUBA_SQR_CUTOFF = 128,     /* Min. number of digits before Karatsuba squaring is used. */
+int     KARATSUBA_MUL_CUTOFF = 74,      /* Min. number of digits before Karatsuba multiplication is used. */
+        KARATSUBA_SQR_CUTOFF = 124,     /* Min. number of digits before Karatsuba squaring is used. */
        
        TOOM_MUL_CUTOFF      = 350,      /* no optimal values of these are known yet so set em high */
        TOOM_SQR_CUTOFF      = 400; 
--- a/tommath.h
+++ b/tommath.h
@ -429,6 +429,15 @@ int mp_reduce_2k_setup(mp_int *a, mp_digit *d);
 /* reduces a modulo b where b is of the form 2**p - k [0 <= a] */
 int mp_reduce_2k(mp_int *a, mp_int *n, mp_digit d);

+/* returns true if a can be reduced with mp_reduce_2k_l */
+int mp_reduce_is_2k_l(mp_int *a);
+
+/* determines k value for 2k reduction */
+int mp_reduce_2k_setup_l(mp_int *a, mp_int *d);
+
+/* reduces a modulo b where b is of the form 2**p - k [0 <= a] */
+int mp_reduce_2k_l(mp_int *a, mp_int *n, mp_int *d);
+
 /* d = a**b (mod c) */
 int mp_exptmod(mp_int *a, mp_int *b, mp_int *c, mp_int *d);

@ -511,12 +520,14 @@ int mp_count_bits(mp_int *a);
 int mp_unsigned_bin_size(mp_int *a);
 int mp_read_unsigned_bin(mp_int *a, unsigned char *b, int c);
 int mp_to_unsigned_bin(mp_int *a, unsigned char *b);
+int mp_to_unsigned_bin_n (mp_int * a, unsigned char *b, unsigned long *outlen);

 int mp_signed_bin_size(mp_int *a);
 int mp_read_signed_bin(mp_int *a, unsigned char *b, int c);
 int mp_to_signed_bin(mp_int *a, unsigned char *b);
+int mp_to_signed_bin_n (mp_int * a, unsigned char *b, unsigned long *outlen);

-int mp_read_radix(mp_int *a, char *str, int radix);
+int mp_read_radix(mp_int *a, const char *str, int radix);
 int mp_toradix(mp_int *a, char *str, int radix);
 int mp_toradix_n(mp_int * a, char *str, int radix, int maxlen);
 int mp_radix_size(mp_int *a, int radix, int *size);
@ -554,7 +565,7 @@ int fast_mp_invmod(mp_int *a, mp_int *b, mp_int *c);
 int mp_invmod_slow (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c);
 int fast_mp_montgomery_reduce(mp_int *a, mp_int *m, mp_digit mp);
 int mp_exptmod_fast(mp_int *G, mp_int *X, mp_int *P, mp_int *Y, int mode);
-int s_mp_exptmod (mp_int * G, mp_int * X, mp_int * P, mp_int * Y);
+int s_mp_exptmod (mp_int * G, mp_int * X, mp_int * P, mp_int * Y, int mode);
 void bn_reverse(unsigned char *s, int len);

 extern const char *mp_s_rmap;
--- a/tommath.pdf
+++ b/tommath.pdf
--- a/tommath.src
+++ b/tommath.src
@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ QUALCOMM Australia \\
 }
 }
 \maketitle
-This text has been placed in the public domain.  This text corresponds to the v0.30 release of the 
+This text has been placed in the public domain.  This text corresponds to the v0.34 release of the 
 LibTomMath project.

 \begin{alltt}
--- a/tommath.tex
+++ b/tommath.tex
--- a/tommath_class.h
+++ b/tommath_class.h
@ -90,8 +90,11 @@
 #define BN_MP_READ_UNSIGNED_BIN_C
 #define BN_MP_REDUCE_C
 #define BN_MP_REDUCE_2K_C
+#define BN_MP_REDUCE_2K_L_C
 #define BN_MP_REDUCE_2K_SETUP_C
+#define BN_MP_REDUCE_2K_SETUP_L_C
 #define BN_MP_REDUCE_IS_2K_C
+#define BN_MP_REDUCE_IS_2K_L_C
 #define BN_MP_REDUCE_SETUP_C
 #define BN_MP_RSHD_C
 #define BN_MP_SET_C
@ -105,7 +108,9 @@
 #define BN_MP_SUB_D_C
 #define BN_MP_SUBMOD_C
 #define BN_MP_TO_SIGNED_BIN_C
+#define BN_MP_TO_SIGNED_BIN_N_C
 #define BN_MP_TO_UNSIGNED_BIN_C
+#define BN_MP_TO_UNSIGNED_BIN_N_C
 #define BN_MP_TOOM_MUL_C
 #define BN_MP_TOOM_SQR_C
 #define BN_MP_TORADIX_C
@ -324,11 +329,12 @@
   #define BN_MP_CLEAR_C
   #define BN_MP_ABS_C
   #define BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
+   #define BN_MP_REDUCE_IS_2K_L_C
+   #define BN_S_MP_EXPTMOD_C
   #define BN_MP_DR_IS_MODULUS_C
   #define BN_MP_REDUCE_IS_2K_C
   #define BN_MP_ISODD_C
   #define BN_MP_EXPTMOD_FAST_C
-   #define BN_S_MP_EXPTMOD_C
 #endif

 #if defined(BN_MP_EXPTMOD_FAST_C)
@ -725,6 +731,17 @@
   #define BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 #endif

+#if defined(BN_MP_REDUCE_2K_L_C)
+   #define BN_MP_INIT_C
+   #define BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
+   #define BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
+   #define BN_MP_MUL_C
+   #define BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+   #define BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+   #define BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+   #define BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+#endif
+
 #if defined(BN_MP_REDUCE_2K_SETUP_C)
   #define BN_MP_INIT_C
   #define BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
@ -733,11 +750,22 @@
   #define BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 #endif

+#if defined(BN_MP_REDUCE_2K_SETUP_L_C)
+   #define BN_MP_INIT_C
+   #define BN_MP_2EXPT_C
+   #define BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
+   #define BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+   #define BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+#endif
+
 #if defined(BN_MP_REDUCE_IS_2K_C)
   #define BN_MP_REDUCE_2K_C
   #define BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
 #endif

+#if defined(BN_MP_REDUCE_IS_2K_L_C)
+#endif
+
 #if defined(BN_MP_REDUCE_SETUP_C)
   #define BN_MP_2EXPT_C
   #define BN_MP_DIV_C
@ -815,6 +843,11 @@
   #define BN_MP_TO_UNSIGNED_BIN_C
 #endif

+#if defined(BN_MP_TO_SIGNED_BIN_N_C)
+   #define BN_MP_SIGNED_BIN_SIZE_C
+   #define BN_MP_TO_SIGNED_BIN_C
+#endif
+
 #if defined(BN_MP_TO_UNSIGNED_BIN_C)
   #define BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
   #define BN_MP_ISZERO_C
@ -822,6 +855,11 @@
   #define BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 #endif

+#if defined(BN_MP_TO_UNSIGNED_BIN_N_C)
+   #define BN_MP_UNSIGNED_BIN_SIZE_C
+   #define BN_MP_TO_UNSIGNED_BIN_C
+#endif
+
 #if defined(BN_MP_TOOM_MUL_C)
   #define BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
   #define BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
@ -902,10 +940,12 @@
   #define BN_MP_INIT_C
   #define BN_MP_CLEAR_C
   #define BN_MP_REDUCE_SETUP_C
+   #define BN_MP_REDUCE_C
+   #define BN_MP_REDUCE_2K_SETUP_L_C
+   #define BN_MP_REDUCE_2K_L_C
   #define BN_MP_MOD_C
   #define BN_MP_COPY_C
   #define BN_MP_SQR_C
-   #define BN_MP_REDUCE_C
   #define BN_MP_MUL_C
   #define BN_MP_SET_C
   #define BN_MP_EXCH_C